# BBG Chapter 26 — Introduction to Participles

## Files

### Exercises

(No exercise for this overview chapter — see Ch27 for the first "Spot the Participle" drill.)

### Flashcards

No vocabulary introduced in this chapter.

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Greek Participles | Participle tense/voice profiles, adverbial vs adjectival role distribution
Genre Comparison | Participial usage rates by genre

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition
Data: MACULA Greek TAGNT (~6,600 participle tokens NT-wide)

## 1. What Is a Participle?

A participle is a verbal adjective. The name comes from Latin participium — it "participates" in two grammatical categories at once.

Property | Source | Examples
--- | --- | ---
Tense (aspect) | Verbal | present, aorist, perfect
Voice | Verbal | active, middle, passive
Can take a direct object | Verbal | λύων τὸν δοῦλον
Gender | Adjectival | masculine, feminine, neuter
Case | Adjectival | nominative, genitive, dative, accusative
Number | Adjectival | singular, plural

Because it is a verbal adjective, a participle must agree with the noun it modifies (or its implied subject) in gender, case, and number — just like any adjective.

> Note: This dual nature is the key to everything. When you see a participle, ask two questions: (1) What verb does it come from, and what aspect/voice does it express? (2) What noun does it agree with, and how is that noun functioning in the sentence?

## 2. Verbal Properties

### 2.1 Tense and Aspect

Greek participles do not indicate absolute time. Instead, their "tense" signals aspect (the kind of action) and, relative to the main verb, relative time.

Participle "Tense" | Aspect | Relative Time
--- | --- | ---
Present | Imperfective — ongoing, continuous action | Contemporaneous with the main verb
Aorist | Perfective — simple, complete action | Prior to the main verb
Perfect | Combinative — state resulting from completed action | State existing at the time of the main verb

> Note: The present participle does not mean "happening right now in absolute time." It means the action of the participle is happening at the same time as whatever the main verb describes. Default translation: "while [verb]-ing."

### 2.2 Voice

Voice | Meaning
--- | ---
Active | Subject performs the action
Middle | Subject performs the action for its own benefit / on itself
Passive | Subject receives the action

### 2.3 Participles Can Take Objects

Like any verb, a participle can take a direct object in the accusative case:

> ὁ ἄνθρωπος λύων τοὺς δούλους ("the man loosing the slaves")

## 3. Adjectival Properties and Declension

Because a participle is also an adjective, it declines through all genders, cases, and numbers.

Formation | Declension Type | Examples
--- | --- | ---
Masculine/Neuter participle stems | Third declension (stem in -ντ-) | λύων, λύοντος
Feminine participle stems | First declension | λύουσα, λύουσης
Middle/Passive participle stems | 2-1-2 declension (like regular adjectives) | λυόμενος, λυομένη, λυόμενον

Full paradigms appear in Ch27 (present) and Ch28 (aorist).

## 4. Three Uses of the Participle

### 4.1 Adverbial (Circumstantial) Participle

The participle modifies the main verb — it describes the circumstances of the main action.

- No article
- Agrees in gender/case/number with the subject of the main clause
- Translated with an adverbial phrase or clause

Nuance | Signal Words | Example Translation
--- | --- | ---
Time | while, when, after | "While praying, he fell asleep"
Cause | because, since | "Since he believed, he was saved"
Means | by | "By speaking he persuaded them"
Manner | by, in the manner of | "Running, he came to them"
Condition | if | "If one believes, he will be saved"
Concession | although, even though | "Although knowing the truth, he lied"

### 4.2 Adjectival (Attributive) Participle

The participle modifies a noun — just like a regular adjective.

- Has an article (before the participle or repeated before the noun)
- Agrees with the noun it modifies
- Translated as a relative clause in English

> ὁ πιστεύων ἄνθρωπος = "the believing man" / "the man who believes"

Two positions (identical to regular adjective positions):

Position | Form | Translation
--- | --- | ---
First attributive | ὁ λύων ἄνθρωπος | "the loosing man"
Second attributive | ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λύων | "the man who is loosing"

### 4.3 Substantival Participle

The participle functions as a noun — no accompanying noun.

- Has an article (but no noun)
- The article's gender and number tell you who/what is meant
- Translated "the one who…", "those who…"

> ὁ πιστεύων = "the one who believes" / "the believer"
> οἱ ἀγαπῶντες = "those who love"

> Note: To distinguish adjectival from substantival: if the participle (with article) has an accompanying noun it modifies, it is adjectival. If it stands alone as subject, object, or predicate, it is substantival.

## 5. Formation Overview

Participle | Formation Summary | Chapter
--- | --- | ---
Present Active | Pres. stem + ο + ντ + 3rd-decl endings | Ch27
Present Middle/Passive | Pres. stem + ο + μεν + 2-1-2 endings | Ch27
Aorist Active (1st) | Aor. stem + σα + ντ + 3rd-decl endings | Ch28
Aorist Passive (1st) | Aor. pass. stem + θε + ντ + 3rd-decl endings | Ch28
Aorist Active (2nd) | 2nd aor. stem + ο + ντ + 3rd-decl endings | Ch28
Perfect Active | Redupl. + κ + οτ/υι + 3rd-decl endings | Ch30
Perfect Middle/Passive | Redupl. + μεν + 2-1-2 endings | Ch30

## 6. Relative Time — A Key Concept

Participle Tense | Relative Time | Default English Translation
--- | --- | ---
Present | Same time as main verb | "while [verb]-ing…"
Aorist | Before the main verb | "after [verb]-ing…" / "having [past part.]…"
Perfect | State at the time of main verb | "having already [past part.]…"

Example:

> λύσας τοὺς δούλους εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν.
> "After loosing the slaves, he entered into the house."

The aorist participle λύσας signals the loosing occurred before the entering.

> Note: Relative time is a default, not an absolute rule. Context always governs. But prior action for aorist participles is correct far more often than not.

## 7. Introduction to the Genitive Absolute

When a participle's implied subject is different from the subject of the main clause, Greek uses the genitive absolute: the participle (and its own subject) both appear in the genitive, grammatically independent of the main clause.

> αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος, πολλοὶ ἐπίστευσαν.
> "While he was speaking, many believed."

- αὐτοῦ = genitive (subject of the participial phrase)
- λαλοῦντος = genitive participle (agrees with αὐτοῦ)
- πολλοί = separate subject of the main verb

Full treatment of genitive absolutes appears in Ch30.

## 8. Why Participles Matter in the GNT

Participles are the most common non-indicative verb form in the Greek New Testament (~6,600 occurrences). Mastery of participles is essential for reading any substantial GNT passage.

Author / Section | Participle Pattern
--- | ---
Matthew 5–7 (Sermon on the Mount) | Frequent adverbial participles
John 1:1–18 (Prologue) | Substantival participles
Ephesians 1:3–14 (one long sentence) | Extended participial chains
Revelation 1:4–8 | Substantival participles as divine titles