# BBG Chapter 1 — The Greek Language

## Files

### Exercises

No exercises for this introductory chapter.

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Per-Book Language Profiles | NT book-by-book tense/voice/mood distributions

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition

## 1. Why Greek Matters for NT Study (BBG §1.1–1.2)

The New Testament was written in Greek. Every English Bible you have read is a translation — and every translation involves choices. Translators must decide how to render Greek tense, aspect, word order, and idiom into English. Those decisions shape what you read.

Learning Greek gives you direct access to the text the apostles wrote. You can:

- Read Paul's sentences as Paul constructed them
- Distinguish what the Greek says from what the translator assumed it means
- Spot where the Greek is ambiguous and English has forced a single reading
- Follow the flow of a Greek argument without the distortion of translation

> Note: You do not need to become a professional scholar to benefit from Greek. Even basic reading ability — recognizing verb forms, identifying cases, spotting particles — transforms how you engage with the text. Every layer you add deepens your access.

## 2. What Kind of Greek Is This? (BBG §1.3–1.5)

### Classical Greek

Classical Greek (roughly 800–300 BC) was the language of Homer, Plato, Thucydides, and the Athenian tragedians. It was highly inflected, with strict rules of dialect (Attic, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic) and a rich literary tradition.

Classical Greek is not the language of the New Testament, though NT Greek inherits most of its grammar.

### Koine Greek

After Alexander the Great's conquests (336–323 BC), Greek became the common lingua franca of the Mediterranean world. This "common" dialect — κοινή (koinē) means "common" or "shared" — was spoken across Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome from approximately 300 BC to AD 300.

Koine Greek features compared to Classical:

Feature | Classical (Attic) | Koine
--- | --- | ---
Dialects | Multiple (Attic, Ionic, etc.) | Unified — one standard dialect
Optative mood | Frequent | Rare (largely replaced by subjunctive)
Dual number | Used | Absent
Vocabulary | Attic idioms | Broader, more diverse
Word order | Flexible | Slightly less flexible but still very free
Style | High literary register | Range: from literary to vernacular

> Key insight: Koine is simpler than Classical in several respects — fewer forms, fewer moods in common use, more predictable patterns. This makes it learnable even for students without Latin or Classical background.

### Where Did Koine Come From?

Koine emerged as soldiers, traders, and administrators from various Greek-speaking regions needed a shared tongue. Local dialects didn't disappear overnight, but Attic Greek — the dialect of Athens, the dominant cultural and educational center — provided the backbone of the common dialect that spread across the Hellenistic world.

## 3. Koine and the Septuagint (LXX) (BBG §1.6)

Before the New Testament, the Old Testament was translated into Greek. This translation — the Septuagint (LXX, from the Latin for "seventy") — was made starting around 250 BC in Alexandria, Egypt.

The LXX is essential for NT study because:

- NT authors quote the OT almost exclusively from the LXX, not the Hebrew
- LXX vocabulary shapes NT theological language (e.g., ἐκκλησία, δόξα, διαθήκη)
- Understanding LXX Greek illuminates idioms in the NT that appear to be "bad Greek" but are actually Semitic constructions rendered literally into Greek

> Example: The phrase "it came to pass" (ἐγένετο + infinitive) appears constantly in Luke and Acts. It sounds odd in Greek — but it is a direct rendering of the Hebrew idiom וַיְהִי. Luke is writing LXX-style Greek deliberately.

## 4. The Greek NT Manuscript Tradition (BBG §1.7)

The New Testament survives in more ancient manuscripts than any other work of antiquity.

Comparison | Greek NT | Next best (Homer's Iliad)
--- | --- | ---
Manuscripts | ~5,800 Greek MSS | ~1,800
Earliest fragment | P52 (John 18), c. AD 125 | c. 10th century AD
Time gap (original → earliest copy) | ~50–100 years | ~2,200 years

The manuscript tradition gives textual scholars a remarkably solid basis for reconstructing the original text. There are textual variants — places where manuscripts differ — but the vast majority are minor (spelling differences, word order variation), and no central Christian doctrine rests on a textual uncertainty.

What this means for the student: The Greek NT you study (NA28/UBS5 critical text) represents careful scholarship synthesizing thousands of manuscripts. When you read it, you are reading text extremely close to what was originally written.

## 5. Practical Motivation (BBG §1.8)

Learning Greek is hard. It requires memorization, time, and sustained effort. Here is why that investment pays off:

Investment | Payoff
--- | ---
Learn the alphabet | Read transliterated words in their actual form
Learn basic vocabulary (~300 words) | Recognize ~80% of NT word occurrences
Learn nominal endings | Parse any noun/adjective in the NT
Learn verbal forms | Parse any indicative verb in the NT
Reach intermediate reading | Read whole NT books without a lexicon

> Encouragement from Mounce (BBG §1.8): Every Greek student who has put in the work says it was worth it. The language does not give up its treasures easily — but it does give them up. The goal of this course is not to make you a Greek scholar; it is to give you enough Greek to read, to check, and to think. That goal is achievable.

## 6. The Structure of This Course

This course follows Mounce's Basics of Biblical Greek (4th ed.) chapter by chapter. The first several chapters are foundational and non-verbal — alphabet, pronunciation, nouns, cases. Verbs begin in earnest around chapter 15.

Chapter Range | Topic Area
--- | ---
Ch1–2 | Orientation: Greek and how to learn it
Ch3–4 | Alphabet, pronunciation, syllabification
Ch5–11 | Greek nouns: cases, declensions, article, adjectives, pronouns
Ch12–14 | Introduction to verbs; present indicative active
Ch15–20 | Verb system: future, aorist, present/imperfect middle/passive
Ch21–35 | Perfect, participles, infinitives, subjunctive, imperative, other moods

> Note: The best approach to this course is consistent daily study — 30–45 minutes every day is more effective than a long session once a week. The paradigms will not stick without repetition.