# First vs. Second Aorist Contrast Drill

*BBG Chapter 22 · Second Aorist Active and Middle Indicative*

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## Instructions

For each item below:
1. Identify the **type**: 1st aorist or 2nd aorist.
2. Parse **person** and **number**.
3. Give the **lexical form** (1st sg present active indicative).
4. Provide an English **translation**.

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## Exercise Table

| # | Form | Type (1st/2nd) | Person | Number | Lexical Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔλυσα | | | | | |
| 2 | εἶπον | | | | | |
| 3 | ἦλθεν | | | | | |
| 4 | εἶδον | | | | | |
| 5 | ἐπίστευσας | | | | | |
| 6 | ἔλαβεν | | | | | |
| 7 | ἐδίδαξεν | | | | | |
| 8 | ἔβαλεν | | | | | |
| 9 | ἠκούσαμεν | | | | | |
| 10 | ἔγνω | | | | | |
| 11 | ἐκηρύξατε | | | | | |
| 12 | ἔφαγεν | | | | | |
| 13 | ἔσωσεν | | | | | |
| 14 | ἀπέθανεν | | | | | |
| 15 | ἐδόξασαν | | | | | |
| 16 | ἐγένετο | | | | | |
| 17 | ἐπίστευσαν | | | | | |
| 18 | εὗρον | | | | | |
| 19 | ἀπήγγειλαν | | | | | |
| 20 | ἤγαγεν | | | | | |

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## Discussion Questions

1. What are the four principal differences in form between a 1st aorist and a 2nd aorist active indicative? List the stem, connecting vowel, and endings for each.

2. Items 3, 6, 8, 14, 16, 18, 20 are 2nd aorists of irregular verbs. For each, identify whether the difficulty lies in the stem change, the augment, or both.

3. Items 10 and 19 — ἔγνω (3rd sg) and ἀπήγγειλαν (3rd pl). Both are aorists but look quite different from a standard paradigm. What clues tell you each is an aorist rather than a present or imperfect?

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## Answer Key

| # | Form | Type | Person | Number | Lexical Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔλυσα | 1st | 1st | Sg | λύω | I loosed / I released |
| 2 | εἶπον | 2nd | 1st | Sg | λέγω | I said |
| 3 | ἦλθεν | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | ἔρχομαι | He came |
| 4 | εἶδον | 2nd | 1st | Sg | ὁράω | I saw |
| 5 | ἐπίστευσας | 1st | 2nd | Sg | πιστεύω | You believed |
| 6 | ἔλαβεν | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | λαμβάνω | He took |
| 7 | ἐδίδαξεν | 1st | 3rd | Sg | διδάσκω | He taught |
| 8 | ἔβαλεν | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | βάλλω | He threw / cast |
| 9 | ἠκούσαμεν | 1st | 1st | Pl | ἀκούω | We heard |
| 10 | ἔγνω | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | γινώσκω | He knew |
| 11 | ἐκηρύξατε | 1st | 2nd | Pl | κηρύσσω | You (pl.) preached |
| 12 | ἔφαγεν | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | ἐσθίω | He ate |
| 13 | ἔσωσεν | 1st | 3rd | Sg | σῴζω | He saved |
| 14 | ἀπέθανεν | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | ἀποθνῄσκω | He died |
| 15 | ἐδόξασαν | 1st | 3rd | Pl | δοξάζω | They glorified |
| 16 | ἐγένετο | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | γίνομαι | It came to pass / He became |
| 17 | ἐπίστευσαν | 1st | 3rd | Pl | πιστεύω | They believed |
| 18 | εὗρον | 2nd | 3rd | Pl | εὑρίσκω | They found |
| 19 | ἀπήγγειλαν | 1st | 3rd | Pl | ἀπαγγέλλω | They reported / announced |
| 20 | ἤγαγεν | 2nd | 3rd | Sg | ἄγω | He led / brought |
