# BBG Chapter 2 — Learning Greek

## Files

### Exercises

No exercises for this introductory chapter.

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition

## 1. How to Study Greek Effectively (BBG §2.1–2.3)

Greek grammar is systematic. It rewards structured, methodical study more than cramming. The students who succeed are not necessarily the ones with the best memory — they are the ones with the best habits.

### The Three Pillars of Greek Learning

Pillar | What It Means | How to Do It
--- | --- | ---
Daily repetition | Short, regular sessions beat marathon sessions | 30–45 min/day is better than 3 hrs on Saturday
Active recall | Test yourself, don't just re-read | Cover the answer column; produce the form, then check
Spaced review | Return to old material before you forget it | Flashcards with spaced repetition (Anki) automate this

> Note: The brain consolidates memory during sleep. Studying the night before, then sleeping, then reviewing in the morning is significantly more effective than studying and testing in the same sitting.

## 2. What to Memorize — and When (BBG §2.4)

Not everything in Greek needs to be memorized. Some things must be memorized; others are learned by exposure and pattern recognition.

### Must-Memorize (Foundational)

- The alphabet — uppercase, lowercase, name, sound (Ch3)
- Vocabulary — Mounce assigns ~10 words per chapter; learn them as you go
- Paradigm endings — the noun case endings (Ch6 onward) and verb personal endings (Ch15 onward)
- The definite article — all 24 forms (3 genders × 4 cases × 2 numbers) (Ch6)
- Key irregular verbs — εἰμί and a handful of others

### Learn by Pattern (Do Not Merely Memorize)

- Vowel contraction rules (Ch15)
- Augment patterns for compound verbs (Ch22)
- Participle endings (they follow familiar declension patterns)
- Infinitive and subjunctive formations

> Key principle: Paradigms are not ends in themselves — they are tools for recognition. The goal is not to recite a paradigm from memory under pressure; it is to look at a Greek form and know what it means.

## 3. The Role of Paradigms (BBG §2.5)

A paradigm is a table showing all the inflected forms of a word — all cases, all numbers, all persons, etc. Greek is a highly inflected language, so paradigms are central to learning it.

### How to Use a Paradigm

1. Study the pattern, not just the forms. Ask: what is changing? What is stable?
2. Identify the stem. In λόγος (word), the stem is λογ-. The endings change; the stem stays (mostly).
3. Learn the endings column separately from any particular word, then apply them to new stems.
4. Write paradigms by hand. The act of writing reinforces memory more than reading.

### The Master Noun Endings (Preview)

You will encounter these endings many times. Every declension uses a version of them.

Case | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
Nominative | subject marker | subject marker (plural)
Genitive | possession / "of" | possession (plural)
Dative | indirect object / "to/for" | indirect object (plural)
Accusative | direct object | direct object (plural)
Vocative | address | address (plural)

The actual endings vary by declension (masculine 2nd, feminine 1st, neuter 2nd, etc.) — but the function of each case is constant. Learn the functions first, then the forms.

## 4. Flashcards and Spaced Repetition (BBG §2.6)

Vocabulary and paradigms are best learned through spaced repetition — a method that shows you a card at increasing intervals as you learn it, and brings it back sooner when you make errors.

### Why Spaced Repetition Works

The "forgetting curve" shows that memories decay exponentially unless they are reviewed at the right intervals. Spaced repetition systems (SRS) calculate the optimal review time for each card individually.

Method | Time to learn 300 words | Retention at 6 months
--- | --- | ---
Rereading vocabulary lists | ~40 hours | ~20%
Traditional flashcards | ~25 hours | ~40%
Spaced repetition (Anki) | ~15 hours | ~80–90%

### Recommended Tools

Tool | Platform | Cost | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
Anki | Desktop, iOS, Android | Free (desktop); $25 iOS | Industry standard; highly customizable
Flashcards Deluxe | iOS, Android | ~$4 | Simpler interface; easy import
Quizlet | Web, mobile | Free (basic) | Good for initial exposure; less powerful SRS

Anki import files for vocabulary and morphology decks are provided with each chapter lesson (coming soon for this chapter).

## 5. Parsing Method Overview (BBG §2.7)

Parsing is the act of identifying the grammatical properties of a Greek word. Every Greek word you encounter should be parsed — at least mentally — when you are learning.

### Parsing a Noun

For any Greek noun, identify:

1. Case — nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative
2. Number — singular or plural
3. Gender — masculine, feminine, or neuter
4. Lexical form — the dictionary form (nominative singular)
5. Translation — what the form means in context

> Example: λόγους → accusative plural masculine → lexical form: λόγος → "words" (as direct object)

### Parsing a Verb

For any Greek verb, identify:

1. Person — 1st, 2nd, or 3rd
2. Number — singular or plural
3. Tense — present, future, aorist, perfect, etc.
4. Voice — active, middle, passive
5. Mood — indicative, subjunctive, imperative, optative, infinitive, participle
6. Lexical form — 1st person singular present active indicative
7. Translation — what the form means in context

> Note: Parsing may feel mechanical at first. That is intentional. The goal is to slow down, process the form systematically, and develop reliable instincts. With practice, parsing becomes rapid and intuitive.

## 6. A Word About Frustration (BBG §2.8)

Every student of Greek hits a wall — usually around chapter 10–15, when verb conjugations begin and the paradigm load spikes. This is normal.

Strategies that help:

- Do not skip chapters. Each chapter builds on the previous one. Gaps compound.
- Review old material regularly. Ten minutes daily on earlier chapters prevents erosion.
- Read real Greek early. Even simple sentences from the NT (John 3:16 in Greek) motivate more than abstract drills.
- Find a study partner or group. Accountability dramatically improves retention rates.
- Use the exercises. Passive reading of the grammar will not produce active recognition.

> From Mounce: "The main thing standing between you and reading the New Testament in Greek is not talent — it is hours." This course is designed to make those hours as efficient as possible.