# BBG Chapter 5 — Introduction to English Nouns

## Files

### Exercises

No exercises for this preparatory chapter.

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition

## 1. Why English Grammar First? (BBG §5.1)

Before learning Greek nouns, you need to understand what English nouns actually do. Many students can use English correctly without being able to explain its grammar. Greek forces explicit grammatical analysis — you need the vocabulary to describe what you are seeing.

This chapter reviews the English grammatical concepts that map onto Greek nominal grammar. The goal is not to teach English — it is to give you the terminology you will use for the next 30 chapters.

## 2. What Is a Noun? (BBG §5.2)

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or concept.

Type | Examples
--- | ---
Person | apostle, king, woman, God
Place | Jerusalem, Corinth, wilderness
Thing | bread, stone, word
Concept | love, faith, peace, sin

In Greek, nouns are inflected — their form changes depending on how they function in a sentence. English nouns have largely lost their inflection (except for possessives and plurals), but Greek preserves a full case system.

## 3. The Five Greek Cases (BBG §5.3)

A case is the grammatical function a noun performs in a sentence. Greek has five cases. Learning them is foundational to everything else.

Case | Name | Primary Function | English Signal
--- | --- | --- | ---
Nominative | ὀνομαστική | Subject of the verb | Who/what performs the action
Genitive | γενική | Possession, relationship | "of" / 's
Dative | δοτική | Indirect object; instrument; location | "to," "for," "with," "in"
Accusative | αἰτιατική | Direct object; extent; object of many prepositions | receives the action of the verb
Vocative | κλητική | Direct address | "O ___!"

> Key insight: In Greek, case endings tell you function; word order does not. In English, "The apostle sees the Lord" differs from "The Lord sees the apostle" only by word order. In Greek, the noun endings signal which noun is the subject regardless of where it appears in the sentence. This is one of the most important conceptual shifts in learning Greek.

### English Mapping

Greek Case | English Equivalent | Example
--- | --- | ---
Nominative | Subject | God loved the world
Genitive | Possessive | the love of God / God's love
Dative | Indirect object | He gave the book to the student
Accusative | Direct object | He loves the world
Vocative | Direct address | O Lord, hear my prayer

## 4. Number (BBG §5.4)

Greek nouns, like English nouns, have singular and plural forms.

Number | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
Singular | One | λόγος = word
Plural | More than one | λόγοι = words

Greek had a third number — the dual (exactly two of something) — but it had largely disappeared from Koine Greek before the NT period. You will never encounter it in the NT.

## 5. Gender (BBG §5.5)

Greek nouns have grammatical gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. This is different from natural (biological) gender in English.

Gender | Greek Term | Description
--- | --- | ---
Masculine | ἀρσενικόν | Includes many male persons, but also many non-persons
Feminine | θηλυκόν | Includes many female persons, but also many non-persons
Neuter | οὐδέτερον | Includes things, concepts, diminutives — but not exclusively

Important: In Greek, grammatical gender is a property of the noun, not necessarily of the thing named.

Greek Noun | Gender | Gloss
--- | --- | ---
ὁ λόγος | masculine | word
ἡ ἁμαρτία | feminine | sin
τὸ πνεῦμα | neuter | spirit
ἡ ὁδός | feminine | road, way
τὸ παιδίον | neuter | child (diminutive)

> Note: The gender of a noun matters because adjectives, articles, and pronouns must agree with the noun they modify in gender, case, and number. If you say "the holy spirit," every word in that phrase must carry matching gender markers.

## 6. Declension (BBG §5.6)

A declension is a family of nouns that share the same set of case endings. Greek has three main declensions.

Declension | Characteristic | Typical Gender
--- | --- | ---
First (Alpha) | Stem ends in α or η | Mostly feminine; some masculine
Second (Omicron) | Stem ends in ο | Mostly masculine and neuter
Third | Stem ends in a consonant or ι, υ | All genders

Chapters 6–9 cover the first and second declensions. The third declension is introduced in Ch10. For now:

- 2nd declension masculine (like λόγος, "word") → Ch6
- 2nd declension neuter (like ἔργον, "work") → Ch6
- 1st declension feminine (like ἀγάπη, "love") → Ch7–9

> Analogy with Hebrew: Hebrew has two declensions of nouns (masculine and feminine), and students of Hebrew will recognize the parallel concept — a set of endings that changes based on grammatical function.

## 7. Why Word Order Matters Less in Greek (BBG §5.7)

In English, word order is load-bearing:

- "The teacher loves the student" ≠ "The student loves the teacher"

In Greek, the case ending on each noun carries the functional information, so the same meaning can be expressed with different word orders:

Greek Sentence | Word Order | Meaning
--- | --- | ---
ὁ διδάσκαλος ἀγαπᾷ τὸν μαθητήν | Subject–Verb–Object | The teacher loves the student
τὸν μαθητὴν ὁ διδάσκαλος ἀγαπᾷ | Object–Subject–Verb | The teacher loves the student
ἀγαπᾷ τὸν μαθητὴν ὁ διδάσκαλος | Verb–Object–Subject | The teacher loves the student

All three sentences mean the same thing. The article τόν on μαθητήν marks it as accusative (direct object), and the article ὁ on διδάσκαλος marks it as nominative (subject), regardless of word order.

> Word order in Greek is used for emphasis, not grammar. The element placed first in a Greek sentence typically receives emphasis. This is why NT authors often front a word to stress it — and why translating Greek word order literally into English often produces awkward or misleading results.

## 8. The Concept of Agreement (BBG §5.8)

In Greek, adjectives, articles, and pronouns agree with their nouns in three categories:

1. Gender — masculine, feminine, or neuter
2. Case — nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative
3. Number — singular or plural

This three-way agreement is called GCN agreement (gender-case-number). It is not optional; it is grammatical law.

> Example:
> "the holy word" = ὁ ἅγιος λόγος
> - ὁ: definite article, masculine, nominative, singular
> - ἅγιος: adjective, masculine, nominative, singular
> - λόγος: noun, masculine, nominative, singular

> All three agree in gender (masculine), case (nominative), and number (singular).

You will practice GCN agreement beginning in Chapter 6 with the definite article.

## 9. Preparing for Chapter 6

Before moving to Ch6, make sure you can:

- [ ] Name all five Greek cases and their primary functions
- [ ] Define grammatical gender and explain why it differs from natural gender
- [ ] Explain why Greek word order matters less than English word order
- [ ] State what GCN agreement means
- [ ] Define "declension" and name the three Greek declensions

> Preview of Ch6: You will learn the 2nd declension masculine and neuter endings, the complete definite article paradigm, and how to parse nominative and accusative nouns. The article alone has 24 forms — but they follow predictable patterns you will recognize quickly.