# BBG Chapter 4 — Punctuation and Syllabification

## Files

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch4-syllable-drill/ | 20-item syllabification practice — divide Greek words into syllables and identify the accented syllable

### Flashcards

File | Description
--- | ---
ch4-vocab-deck.md | Human-readable card list — 20 vocabulary words
ch4-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import file (File → Import)
ch4-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe import file

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition

## 1. Greek Punctuation (BBG §4.1)

Greek manuscripts and modern printed editions use a small set of punctuation marks. Several look like English marks but have different functions.

Mark | Greek Name | What It Does | English Equivalent
--- | --- | --- | ---
. (period) | τελεία | Marks end of sentence | Period (.)
, (comma) | κόμμα | Marks internal pause | Comma (,)
· (raised dot) | ἄνω τελεία | Marks major clause break within a sentence | Semicolon (;) or colon (:)
; (semicolon mark) | ἐρωτηματικόν | Marks a question | Question mark (?)

> Critical note: The Greek semicolon-shaped mark ; is a question mark, not a semicolon. When you see it, the sentence is a question. Example: τί ζητεῖτε; = "What are you seeking?" (John 1:38). Students frequently miss questions because they expect a "?" not a ";".

Greek does not use quotation marks. Direct speech is inferred from context or from a verb of speaking (λέγω, εἶπον, etc.).

## 2. Syllable Division Rules (BBG §4.2–4.3)

A syllable contains exactly one vowel or diphthong. Dividing Greek words into syllables correctly is essential for applying accent rules.

### The Three Rules

Rule 1 — One vowel/diphthong per syllable.
Every syllable has exactly one vowel sound. Diphthongs count as one syllable unit.

Rule 2 — A single consonant between vowels goes with the following syllable.

> ε-κεῖ → ε | κεῖ
> λό-γος → λό | γος

Rule 3 — When multiple consonants appear between two vowels, divide so that the second syllable begins with a consonant cluster that can begin a Greek word.

> ἄν-θρω-πος → ἄν | θρω | πος (θρ can begin a word; ν cannot begin the cluster)
> πνεῦ-μα → πνεῦ | μα (πν can begin a word)
> ἔρ-γον → ἔρ | γον (γ alone with vowel; ρ closes first syllable)

> Practical shortcut: For most NT vocabulary, follow this default: when in doubt, keep common consonant clusters (stop + liquid: βλ, γρ, δρ, κλ, πλ, τρ, etc.) together and attach them to the following vowel.

### Syllable Names

Position | Name | Example in ἄν-θρω-πος
--- | --- | ---
Last syllable | Ultima | -πος
Second-to-last | Penult | -θρω-
Third-to-last | Antepenult | ἄν-

These names are used in all accent rules.

## 3. The Three Accents (BBG §4.4)

Greek has three accent marks, introduced in Ch3. This chapter explains the rules governing them.

Accent | Symbol | Name
--- | --- | ---
Acute | ά | Oxytone (on ultima), Paroxytone (on penult), Proparoxytone (on antepenult)
Circumflex | ᾶ | Perispomenon (on ultima), Properispomenon (on penult)
Grave | ὰ | Barytone (on ultima, before another word)

## 4. Accent Rules (BBG §4.5–4.8)

### Foundational Rules

> Rule 1 — The accent can stand on one of the last three syllables only.
> No accent ever goes further back than the antepenult.

> Rule 2 — The circumflex can stand only on one of the last two syllables.
> A circumflex is never found on the antepenult.

> Rule 3 — The circumflex can stand only on a long syllable.
> A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel (η, ω) or a diphthong.

> Rule 4 — If the ultima is long, the accent cannot stand on the antepenult, and a circumflex cannot stand on the penult.

### Noun Accent (Persistent)

Nouns try to keep their accent on the same syllable as the lexical form (nominative singular). This is called persistent (or "retentive") accent. The accent stays in place unless the above rules force it to move.

> Example: ἄνθρωπος (man) accents the antepenult in nom. sg. → ἄνθρωπε (voc.) — accent stays on antepenult. But in the genitive plural, the ultima is long (ανθρώπων), so the accent is forced back to the penult.

### Verb Accent (Recessive)

Verbs use recessive accent — they always try to place the accent as far back as the rules allow (usually on the antepenult if possible).

> Example: λύω → accent on antepenult if possible: λύ | ω — only two syllables, so accent goes to penult.
> λύομεν → λύ | ο | μεν — three syllables; accent recedes to antepenult λύ-.

> Practical note for beginners: You do not need to produce correct accents from scratch at this stage. Focus on recognizing accent positions and understanding which syllable carries stress when you read aloud.

## 5. Enclitics and Proclitics (BBG §4.9)

### Proclitics

A proclitic is a short word that has no accent of its own and leans forward onto the following word. Common proclitics:

Word | Gloss
--- | ---
ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ | the (nom. forms of the article)
εἰ | if
ὡς | as, how
οὐ / οὐκ / οὐχ | not
ἐν | in
εἰς | into
ἐκ / ἐξ | out of

### Enclitics

An enclitic is a word that leans backward onto the preceding word, often causing accent modifications on the preceding word.

Common enclitics:
- Forms of εἰμί: ἐστίν, εἰσίν, etc.
- Indefinite pronoun τις / τι
- Personal pronouns: με, μου, μοι, σε, σου, σοι

> Note: When an enclitic follows a word with an acute on the ultima, the acute does not change to grave. When an enclitic follows certain other words, additional accent marks may appear. These details are handled systematically as the relevant forms arise in later chapters.

## 6. Syllabification Worked Examples

Word | Syllable Division | Accent Position
--- | --- | ---
θεός | θε-ός | Ultima (oxytone)
λόγος | λό-γος | Penult (paroxytone)
ἄνθρωπος | ἄν-θρω-πος | Antepenult (proparoxytone)
εὐαγγέλιον | εὐ-αγ-γέ-λι-ον | Antepenult
ἀπόστολος | ἀ-πό-στο-λος | Penult
πνεῦμα | πνεῦ-μα | Penult (circumflex on long diphthong)
βασιλεία | βα-σι-λεί-α | Penult (circumflex on diphthong)
ἁμαρτία | ἁ-μαρ-τί-α | Penult
κύριος | κύ-ρι-ος | Antepenult
ἐκκλησία | ἐκ-κλη-σί-α | Penult