# BBG Chapter 35 — Nonindicative of δίδωμι and Conditional Sentences

## Files

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch35-conditionals-drill/ | 20-item drill: identify conditional type, parse relevant verb forms, translate

### Flashcards

File | Description
--- | ---
ch35-vocab-deck.md | Human-readable card list — 15 vocabulary words
ch35-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import file (File → Import)
ch35-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe import file

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Morphological Distribution | How δίδωμι, ἵστημι, τίθημι forms distribute across tenses and books

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition
Data: MACULA Greek TAGNT (~415 δίδωμι tokens; ~650 conditional sentences NT-wide)

## 1. Non-Indicative Forms of δίδωμι

### 1.1 Subjunctive

The subjunctive of δίδωμι uses the lengthened vowel (ω/η) pattern of the subjunctive, applied to the μι-verb stem:

Person | Active Singular | Active Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | δῶ | δῶμεν
2nd | δῷς | δῶτε
3rd | δῷ | δῶσι(ν)

> Note: The subjunctive of δίδωμι (δῶ) looks very much like the aorist indicative of ω-verbs. Context is essential — look for ἵνα, ἐάν, or other subjunctive signals.

### 1.2 Imperative

Tense | 2sg | 3sg | 2pl | 3pl
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Present Active | δίδου | διδότω | δίδοτε | διδότωσαν
Aorist Active | δός | δότω | δότε | δότωσαν

> Note: The aorist imperative 2sg δός is extremely common in the GNT: "Give!" (Matt 14:16; Mark 6:37; Luke 15:12). Recognize it immediately — it is a very short, non-obvious form.

### 1.3 Infinitive

Tense | Voice | Infinitive | Meaning
--- | --- | --- | ---
Present | Active | διδόναι | to give (ongoing)
Aorist | Active | δοῦναι | to give (simply)
Aorist | Passive | δοθῆναι | to be given

> Note: The present infinitive διδόναι has the characteristic -ναι ending of μι-verb infinitives. The aorist δοῦναι is a contracted form (δο + εναι → δοῦναι).

### 1.4 Participle

Tense | Masc Nom Sg | Fem Nom Sg | Neut Nom Sg | Meaning
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Present Active | διδούς | διδοῦσα | διδόν | giving
Aorist Active | δούς | δοῦσα | δόν | having given
Aorist Passive | δοθείς | δοθεῖσα | δοθέν | having been given

## 2. Conditional Sentences — Overview

A conditional sentence has two parts:
- Protasis — the "if" clause (condition)
- Apodosis — the "then" clause (result)

Greek has four classes of conditional sentences, distinguished by the mood and tense in each part and by the degree of reality or probability assumed.

## 3. The Four Classes of Conditional Sentences

### Class 1 — Simple (Particular Fact) Condition

The speaker assumes the condition is true (for the sake of argument) — whether it actually is or not.

Part | Form
--- | ---
Protasis | εἰ + indicative (any tense)
Apodosis | Indicative (any tense)

> εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ ἵνα οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται. (Matt 4:3)
> "If you are the Son of God [assuming you are], tell these stones to become bread."

> εἰ ὁ θεὸς δίκαιός ἐστιν, κρινεῖ τὸν κόσμον.
> "If God is righteous [and I assume he is], he will judge the world."

### Class 2 — Contrary-to-Fact Condition

The speaker assumes the condition is NOT true (the action did not/does not happen).

Part | Form
--- | ---
Protasis | εἰ + imperfect indicative (past ctf) or aorist indicative (past ctf)
Apodosis | Imperfect or aorist indicative + ἄν

> εἰ ἦτε τέκνα τοῦ Ἀβραάμ, τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ἐποιεῖτε ἄν. (John 8:39)
> "If you were children of Abraham [but you are not], you would be doing the works of Abraham."

> εἰ ἐγνώκειτέ με, καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου ἐγνώκειτε ἄν. (John 8:19)
> "If you had known me [you do not], you would also have known my Father."

> Note: The marker for Class 2 is ἄν in the apodosis + past indicative in both parts. If you see ἄν in the result clause and the verb forms are past indicative, it is contrary-to-fact.

### Class 3 — More Probable Future Condition

The speaker presents the condition as likely or possible in the future.

Part | Form
--- | ---
Protasis | ἐάν + subjunctive
Apodosis | Future indicative (or present/imperative)

> ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔχομεν, ἑαυτοὺς πλανῶμεν. (1 John 1:8)
> "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves."

> ἐὰν ὁμολογῶμεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, πιστός ἐστιν. (1 John 1:9)
> "If we confess our sins, he is faithful…"

> Note: Class 3 is by far the most common conditional type in the GNT. Recognize ἐάν + subjunctive immediately as a Class 3 condition. This overlaps with the indefinite clause construction from Ch31.

### Class 4 — Less Probable (Remote) Future Condition

The speaker presents the condition as possible but unlikely or remote. This is very rare in the GNT (only partial examples survive; the optative mood required for Class 4 is itself rare in the NT).

Part | Form
--- | ---
Protasis | εἰ + optative
Apodosis | Optative + ἄν

> εἰ καὶ πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην, μακάριοι. (1 Pet 3:14)
> "But even if you should suffer on account of righteousness, you are blessed."

> Note: Full Class 4 conditionals (both parts with optative + ἄν) are virtually absent from the GNT. What survives are mostly protases without a matching apodosis. For GNT purposes, recognize the optative mood and Class 4 label, but do not expect to see many complete examples.

## 4. Conditional Sentence Summary Table

Class | Name | Protasis | Apodosis | Reality Assumed
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | Simple / Particular | εἰ + indicative | indicative | Assumed true
2 | Contrary-to-fact | εἰ + past indicative | past indicative + ἄν | Assumed false
3 | More probable future | ἐάν + subjunctive | future/present/imperative | Likely/possible
4 | Less probable future | εἰ + optative | optative + ἄν | Remote/unlikely

## 5. Protasis and Apodosis — Terminology

- Protasis (from πρότασις, "that which is put forward first"): the "if" clause
- Apodosis (from ἀπόδοσις, "giving back"): the "then" clause — the logical result

The protasis introduces the condition; the apodosis states what follows if (or because) the condition holds.

## 6. GNT Examples — Full Analysis

> Class 1: εἰ τέκνα ἐστέ, καὶ κληρονόμοι (cf. Gal 4:7)
> "If you are children [and I assume you are], then also heirs."

> Class 2: εἰ ἐγίνωσκον, οὐκ ἂν τὸν κύριον τῆς δόξης ἐσταύρωσαν. (1 Cor 2:8)
> "If they had known [but they did not], they would not have crucified the Lord of glory."

> Class 3: ἐὰν πιστεύσῃς, ὄψῃ τὴν δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ. (John 11:40)
> "If you believe, you will see the glory of God."

> Class 4 (partial): εἰ πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην, μακάριοι ὑμεῖς. (1 Pet 3:14)
> "If you should suffer for righteousness, you are blessed."

## 7. δίδωμι Non-Indicative — Quick Reference

Form | Greek | Parsing
--- | --- | ---
Subjunctive 3sg | δῷ | Pres/Aor act subj 3sg
Imperative 2sg pres | δίδου | Pres act imper 2sg
Imperative 2sg aor | δός | Aor act imper 2sg
Inf. present active | διδόναι | Pres act inf
Inf. aorist active | δοῦναι | Aor act inf
Inf. aorist passive | δοθῆναι | Aor pass inf
Ptc pres act masc nom sg | διδούς | Pres act ptc m.n.sg
Ptc aor act masc nom sg | δούς | Aor act ptc m.n.sg
Ptc aor pass masc nom sg | δοθείς | Aor pass ptc m.n.sg