# Present vs. Aorist Adverbial Participle Contrast

*BBG Chapter 28 · Contemporaneous vs. Antecedent Action*

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## Instructions

For each item below:
1. Classify the temporal relation as **CONTEMP** (present participle = action contemporaneous with main verb) or **ANTEC** (aorist participle = action prior to main verb).
2. Give the **tense** and **voice** of the participle.
3. Give the **lexical form** (1st sg present active indicative).
4. Provide an English **translation**.

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## Exercise Table

| # | Participle Clause | Relation (CONTEMP/ANTEC) | Tense | Voice | Lexical Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἀπῆλθεν | | | | | |
| 2 | πορευόμενος κηρύσσει | | | | | |
| 3 | ἀκούσαντες ἐχάρησαν | | | | | |
| 4 | βλέπων τοὺς ὄχλους ἐσπλαγχνίσθη | | | | | |
| 5 | ἐλθόντες εἶδον | | | | | |
| 6 | προσευχόμενος μὴ βατταλογήσητε | | | | | |
| 7 | εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν | | | | | |
| 8 | λαλῶν ταῦτα εἶπεν | | | | | |
| 9 | πιστεύσαντες ἐβαπτίσθησαν | | | | | |
| 10 | ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν | | | | | |
| 11 | διδάσκων ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ἐξεπλήσσοντο | | | | | |
| 12 | ἐγερθεὶς παρέλαβεν τὸ παιδίον | | | | | |
| 13 | ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐλόγησεν | | | | | |
| 14 | κλαίων ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω | | | | | |
| 15 | εὑρόντες αὐτόν | | | | | |
| 16 | ἐρχόμενος πρὸς αὐτόν | | | | | |
| 17 | λαβὼν τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους ηὐλόγησεν | | | | | |
| 18 | ἐσθίων μετ᾽ αὐτῶν παρήγγειλεν | | | | | |
| 19 | ἀναστὰς ἐπορεύθη | | | | | |
| 20 | χαίροντες ὑπέστρεψαν | | | | | |

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## Discussion Questions

1. Items 10 and 12 use aorist **passive** participles for what are grammatically deponent verbs (ἀποκρίνομαι, ἐγείρω used as deponent). How do you know these are not true passive uses? What contextual signal tells you?

2. Present adverbial participles can be translated with "while," "as," or just "-ing." Aorist participles get "after," "when," or "having." Test items 3 and 9: could item 3 be translated as "while hearing"? What is lost if you do?

3. Item 8 (λαλῶν ταῦτα εἶπεν) seems paradoxical — the main verb is also a speech verb (εἶπεν). What does the present participle λαλῶν contribute that the aorist εἰπών would not?

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## Answer Key

| # | Clause | Relation | Tense | Voice | Lexical Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἀπῆλθεν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | λέγω | Having said these things, he departed |
| 2 | πορευόμενος κηρύσσει | CONTEMP | Present | Middle | πορεύομαι | While going, he preaches |
| 3 | ἀκούσαντες ἐχάρησαν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | ἀκούω | When / after they heard, they rejoiced |
| 4 | βλέπων τοὺς ὄχλους ἐσπλαγχνίσθη | CONTEMP | Present | Active | βλέπω | While seeing the crowds, he had compassion |
| 5 | ἐλθόντες εἶδον | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | ἔρχομαι | After coming, they saw |
| 6 | προσευχόμενος μὴ βατταλογήσητε | CONTEMP | Present | Middle | προσεύχομαι | While praying, do not babble |
| 7 | εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | εἰσέρχομαι | After entering the synagogue |
| 8 | λαλῶν ταῦτα εἶπεν | CONTEMP | Present | Active | λαλέω | While saying these things, he said (more) |
| 9 | πιστεύσαντες ἐβαπτίσθησαν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | πιστεύω | After / when they believed, they were baptized |
| 10 | ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν | ANTEC | Aorist | Pass. (deponent) | ἀποκρίνομαι | Having answered, he said |
| 11 | διδάσκων ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ἐξεπλήσσοντο | CONTEMP | Present | Active | διδάσκω | While he was teaching in the synagogue, they were amazed |
| 12 | ἐγερθεὶς παρέλαβεν τὸ παιδίον | ANTEC | Aorist | Pass. (deponent) | ἐγείρω | Having gotten up, he took the child |
| 13 | ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐλόγησεν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | ἀναβλέπω | Having looked up to heaven, he blessed |
| 14 | κλαίων ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω | CONTEMP | Present | Active | κλαίω | Weeping, he went outside |
| 15 | εὑρόντες αὐτόν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | εὑρίσκω | After / when they found him |
| 16 | ἐρχόμενος πρὸς αὐτόν | CONTEMP | Present | Middle | ἔρχομαι | While coming to him |
| 17 | λαβὼν τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους ηὐλόγησεν | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | λαμβάνω | Having taken the five loaves, he blessed |
| 18 | ἐσθίων μετ᾽ αὐτῶν παρήγγειλεν | CONTEMP | Present | Active | ἐσθίω | While eating with them, he commanded |
| 19 | ἀναστὰς ἐπορεύθη | ANTEC | Aorist | Active | ἀνίστημι | Having risen, he went |
| 20 | χαίροντες ὑπέστρεψαν | CONTEMP | Present | Active | χαίρω | Rejoicing, they returned |

### Relation Code Summary

| Code | Meaning | Count | Items |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTEMP | Present ptc. — same time as main verb | 10 | #2, #4, #6, #8, #11, #14, #16, #18, #20 (+ #20) |
| ANTEC | Aorist ptc. — prior to main verb | 10 | #1, #3, #5, #7, #9, #10, #12, #13, #15, #17, #19 |
