# BBG Chapter 15 — Introduction to Verbs

## Files

### Exercises

No exercises for this preparatory chapter.

### Flashcards

No vocabulary introduced in this chapter.

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
GNT Verb Morphology | Tense/voice/mood profiles, tense × voice crosstab, top lemmas, genre comparison
Hebrew & Greek Verb Stem Overview | Comparative stem statistics; Greek tense×voice heatmap

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition

## 1. Overview of the Greek Verbal System

Greek verbs encode five categories simultaneously in a single word form:

Category | Options | What it expresses
--- | --- | ---
Tense (= Aspect + Time) | Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect | Type of action + temporal reference
Voice | Active, Middle, Passive | Relationship of subject to the action
Mood | Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative, Infinitive, Participle | The mode/reality of the verbal action
Person | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | Who is performing the action
Number | Singular, Plural | How many perform the action

A fully parsed Greek verb specifies all five: e.g., λύεις = Present Active Indicative 2nd Person Singular ("you are loosing").

## 2. Verbal Aspect — The Heart of Greek Tense

Greek tense is primarily about verbal aspect (the speaker's perspective on the action), not simply about time. Time is a secondary overlay, especially in the indicative mood.

Aspect | Description | Associated tenses
--- | --- | ---
Imperfective | Action viewed as ongoing, in progress, repeated, or continuous | Present, Imperfect
Perfective | Action viewed as a completed whole, a single point event | Aorist
Combinative | Completed action with present, ongoing consequences | Perfect, Pluperfect

> Note: Outside the indicative mood, Greek tense communicates only aspect, not time. The present subjunctive is not "present time" — it is simply "imperfective aspect."

## 3. Voice

Voice | Meaning | Notes
--- | --- | ---
Active | Subject performs the action | Most common voice
Middle | Subject acts for their own benefit or on themselves | See Ch18
Passive | Subject receives the action | Often identical to middle in present/imperfect

## 4. Mood

Mood | Function | Notes
--- | --- | ---
Indicative | States reality (assertions, questions) | The most common mood
Subjunctive | Expresses possibility, purpose, condition | "May, might, should"
Optative | Expresses wish or remote possibility | Rare in NT; μὴ γένοιτο ("may it never be!")
Imperative | Commands or requests | 2nd/3rd person commands
Infinitive | Verbal noun | "to loose"
Participle | Verbal adjective | "loosing, having loosed"

## 5. The Six Tense Stems

Every Greek verb is built on up to six tense stems. You must memorize the tense stem for each verb, as they are not always predictable from the present stem. Mounce calls these the principal parts.

# | Tense | Example (λύω) | Formed from
--- | --- | --- | ---
1 | Present (active/middle/passive) | λύ- | Present stem
2 | Future active/middle | λύσ- | Present stem + σ
3 | Aorist active/middle | ἔλυσ- | Augment + present + σ
4 | Perfect active | λέλυκ- | Reduplication + present + κ
5 | Perfect middle/passive | λέλυ- | Reduplication + present
6 | Aorist passive | ἐλύθ- | Augment + present + θ

> Note: For Ch15–18 you only need the present stem. The other stems will be introduced later. Master the present before moving forward.

## 6. Personal Endings Overview

Greek verbs use personal endings attached to the tense stem (plus a connecting vowel) to mark person and number. There are four sets:

Set | Used with | When
--- | --- | ---
Primary Active | Active voice | Present, Future, Perfect indicative
Secondary Active | Active voice | Imperfect, Aorist indicative
Primary Middle/Passive | Middle and Passive | Present, Future, Perfect indicative
Secondary Middle/Passive | Middle and Passive | Imperfect, Aorist indicative

### Primary Active Endings

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | -ω | -ομεν
2nd | -εις | -ετε
3rd | -ει | -ουσι(ν)

> These are the endings you will learn in Ch16. The ω in 1st sg. is the connecting vowel + ending contracted together.

### Primary Middle/Passive Endings

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | -ομαι | -ομεθα
2nd | -ῃ / -ει | -εσθε
3rd | -εται | -ονται

> These are the endings you will learn in Ch18.

## 7. The Connecting Vowel (Thematic Vowel)

Between the tense stem and the personal ending stands the connecting vowel (also called the thematic vowel): ο or ε.

> Rule: The connecting vowel is ο before μ or ν; it is ε everywhere else.

Context | Vowel | Example
--- | --- | ---
Before μ (1pl) | ο | λύ + ο + μεν = λύομεν
Before ν (3pl) | ο | λύ + ο + νσι → λύουσι
Elsewhere | ε | λύ + ε + τε = λύετε

## 8. The Lexical Form

The lexical form of a Greek verb is the 1st person singular present active indicative. This is the form listed in dictionaries and vocabularies.

> λύω = "I loose" → listed as λύω in the lexicon

When you encounter a verb in any form, you must be able to identify its lexical form (principal part 1) to look it up.

## 9. How to Parse a Greek Verb — 6 Elements

When asked to parse a Greek verb, give these six elements:

1. Tense — (Present, Future, Aorist, etc.)
2. Voice — (Active, Middle, Passive)
3. Mood — (Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, etc.)
4. Person — (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
5. Number — (Singular, Plural)
6. Lexical form — (the dictionary form: 1sg pres. act. ind.)

Example: λύετε → Present Active Indicative 2nd Person Plural λύω = "you (pl.) are loosing"

## 10. Verbal Categories — Summary

Category | Ch15 Coverage | Where introduced fully
--- | --- | ---
Present Active Indicative | Overview | Ch16
Contract verbs | Preview | Ch17
Present Middle/Passive | Preview | Ch18
Imperfect Active | Preview | Ch21
Future Active/Middle | Preview | Ch22–23
Aorist Active/Middle | Preview | Ch22–24