# BBG Chapter 34 — Indicative of δίδωμι

## Files

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch34-didomi-parsing/ | 20-item drill: parse δίδωμι and its compounds in all indicative forms

### Flashcards

File | Description
--- | ---
ch34-vocab-deck.md | Human-readable card list — 7 vocabulary words
ch34-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import file (File → Import)
ch34-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe import file

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Morphological Distribution | How δίδωμι, ἵστημι, τίθημι forms distribute across tenses and books

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, Mounce, 4th Edition
Data: MACULA Greek TAGNT (~415 tokens of δίδωμι and compounds NT-wide)

## 1. The μι-Verb Class

Greek verbs fall into two main classes based on how they form the present indicative active:

Class | Marker | Example
--- | --- | ---
Thematic (ω-verbs) | Connecting vowel (ο/ε) between stem and ending | λύω, λύεις, λύει
Athematic (μι-verbs) | No connecting vowel; endings attach directly to stem | δίδωμι, δίδως, δίδωσι

μι-verbs are called athematic because they lack the thematic (connecting) vowel. Their endings attach directly to the stem.

Three characteristic features of μι-verbs:
1. Reduplicated present stem — the first consonant + ι is repeated before the stem
2. No thematic vowel — endings directly on the stem
3. Athematic endings — different from the standard present active endings

> Note: μι-verbs are not a new category of verb — they use the same roots and meanings as ω-verbs. They are simply a different (older) conjugation pattern. Once you recognize the μι pattern, parsing becomes straightforward.

## 2. δίδωμι — The Primary μι-Verb Paradigm

δίδωμι means "I give" (the root is δο-/δω-). It is the most important μι-verb for GNT reading because:
- It occurs ~415 times in the NT
- Its compound παραδίδωμι ("hand over, betray, deliver") is even more frequent (~120 times)
- The stem alternates: δω- (long, in singular) / δο- (short, in plural)

## 3. Present Active Indicative of δίδωμι

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | δίδωμι | δίδομεν
2nd | δίδως | δίδοτε
3rd | δίδωσι(ν) | διδόασι(ν)

> Note: The stem alternates between δω- (singular) and δο- (plural). The endings (-μι, -ς, -σι, -μεν, -τε, -ασι) are the athematic endings — compare with the present active endings of ω-verbs (ω, εις, ει, ομεν, ετε, ουσι) to see the difference.

## 4. Imperfect Active Indicative of δίδωμι

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | ἐδίδουν | ἐδίδομεν
2nd | ἐδίδους | ἐδίδοτε
3rd | ἐδίδου | ἐδίδοσαν

> Note: The imperfect of μι-verbs takes the augment (ἐ-) just like ω-verbs. The athematic imperfect uses secondary active endings directly on the stem (with vowel contraction in many forms).

## 5. Aorist Active Indicative of δίδωμι

The aorist of δίδωμι is ἔδωκα — it uses a κ suffix (like the perfect) but is aorist in meaning and context.

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | ἔδωκα | ἔδομεν
2nd | ἔδωκας | ἔδοτε
3rd | ἔδωκε(ν) | ἔδοσαν

> Note: The κ in ἔδωκα is NOT a perfect marker here — it is an aorist form of δίδωμι that uses κ as part of the aorist stem. The context (no reduplication, augment present) confirms it is aorist, not perfect. This is one of the most commonly misidentified forms in beginning Greek.

## 6. Present and Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative

### Present Middle/Passive

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | δίδομαι | διδόμεθα
2nd | δίδοσαι | δίδοσθε
3rd | δίδοται | δίδονται

### Imperfect Middle/Passive

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | ἐδιδόμην | ἐδιδόμεθα
2nd | ἐδίδοσο | ἐδίδοσθε
3rd | ἐδίδοτο | ἐδίδοντο

## 7. Aorist Passive Indicative

The aorist passive of δίδωμι: ἐδόθην

Person | Singular | Plural
--- | --- | ---
1st | ἐδόθην | ἐδόθημεν
2nd | ἐδόθης | ἐδόθητε
3rd | ἐδόθη | ἐδόθησαν

## 8. Key Compound: παραδίδωμι

παραδίδωμι = παρά ("alongside/over") + δίδωμι = "hand over, deliver, betray"

This is one of the most theologically significant verbs in the NT, used for:
- Judas betraying Jesus (Matt 26:15)
- God/Jesus "delivering over" for our sins (Rom 4:25; 8:32)
- Handing on tradition (1 Cor 11:2, 23; 15:3)

It conjugates exactly like δίδωμι — only the prefix changes:

Form | παραδίδωμι | Meaning
--- | --- | ---
Present 3sg | παραδίδωσι(ν) | he/she hands over
Imperfect 3sg | παρεδίδου | he/she was handing over
Aorist 3sg | παρέδωκε(ν) | he/she handed over
Aorist 3sg passive | παρεδόθη | he/she was handed over

> Note: In compound verbs, the augment is inserted between the prefix and the stem: παρα + ἐ + δίδωμι = παρεδίδουν. The prefix vowel elides before the augment: παρά → παρ- + ε- = παρε-.

## 9. Other Common Compounds of δίδωμι in the GNT

Compound | Meaning | Key Occurrences
--- | --- | ---
παραδίδωμι | hand over, betray, deliver | Matt 26:15; Rom 4:25
ἀποδίδωμι | give back, pay, render | Matt 22:21 ("render to Caesar")
ἐπιδίδωμι | give to, hand over | Matt 7:9–10
μεταδίδωμι | share, give a share of | Rom 1:11; Eph 4:28

## 10. Stem Alternation Summary

Form | Stem Used
--- | ---
Present sg active | δω- (long)
Present pl active | δο- (short)
Imperfect | δο- (short, always)
Aorist | δω- (in sg) / δο- (in pl)
Aorist passive | δο- + θ

## 11. Diagnostic Summary

Feature | Signal
--- | ---
Reduplicated δι- prefix | Present/imperfect of δίδωμι
Stem δω-/δο- | δίδωμι forms
-μι ending (1sg pres act) | μι-verb marker
Augment ἐδ- | Imperfect or aorist
ἔδωκα (κ in aorist) | Aorist of δίδωμι
ἐδόθη | Aorist passive of δίδωμι
παρε- prefix | Compound παραδίδωμι with augment