# BBH Chapter 7 — Hebrew Adjectives

## Files

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch7-adjective-usage/ | 25-item adjective usage drill — identify attributive / predicate / substantival use, parse gender and number agreement, translate

### Flashcards

File | Format | Description
--- | --- | ---
ch7-vocab-deck.md | Markdown | Vocabulary deck — 2 nouns, 16 adjectives, and מְאֹד with OT frequency
ch7-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (19 cards)
ch7-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (19 cards)

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
OT Noun Morphology | Noun gender distribution across the OT; adjective-noun agreement patterns by book

Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt, Chapter 7

## 1. Introduction

Hebrew adjectives agree with their noun in gender, number, and definiteness. This three-way agreement is the defining feature of Hebrew adjective syntax and distinguishes attributive adjectives from predicate adjectives.

Adjectives have two primary syntactic uses:

- Attributive: The adjective modifies a noun directly — it follows the noun and agrees in gender, number, and definiteness.
- Predicate: The adjective makes a statement about the noun — it stands in the predicate position (before or after the noun), agrees in gender and number, but does not take the definite article.

A third use, the substantival, occurs when the adjective stands alone as a noun without an explicit head noun.

> Why this matters: The presence or absence of the definite article on the adjective is the single most reliable signal for distinguishing attributive from predicate use. If both noun and adjective have the article → attributive. If only the noun has the article → predicate.

## 2. Adjective Inflection

Hebrew adjectives inflect for gender (masculine / feminine) and number (singular / plural). There are four standard forms. Adjectives do not have separate construct forms in the standard paradigm — they use the absolute form in all positions.

### Paradigm 1: טוֹב (good)

Form | Hebrew | Ending | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
ms | טוֹב | — | Base form; dictionary entry
fs | טוֹבָה | ָה | Feminine singular: add ָה
mp | טוֹבִים | ִים | Masculine plural: add ִים
fp | טוֹבוֹת | וֹת | Feminine plural: add וֹת

### Paradigm 2: גָּדוֹל (great)

Form | Hebrew | Ending | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
ms | גָּדוֹל | — | Base form
fs | גְּדוֹלָה | ָה | Note shewa under ג (vowel reduction)
mp | גְּדוֹלִים | ִים | Same vowel reduction under ג
fp | גְּדוֹלוֹת | וֹת |

> Vowel reduction note: When the feminine or plural ending is added to a segolate-style or two-syllable adjective, the first syllable often reduces to vocal shewa. This is the same Sievers' Law principle seen in noun inflection. Compare: גָּדוֹל → גְּדוֹלָה (qamets → shewa under ג).

> Construct forms: Unlike nouns, adjectives do not have construct forms in the standard paradigm. An adjective modifying a construct chain must agree with the head noun but takes the absolute form.

## 3. Attributive Use

The attributive adjective directly modifies a noun. It follows three fixed rules:

1. It follows the noun it modifies (post-positive position)
2. It agrees with the noun in gender and number
3. It agrees with the noun in definiteness — both take the article, or neither does

### Indefinite Attributive

Hebrew | Gloss
--- | ---
מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל | a great king
אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה | a good woman
אֲנָשִׁים גְּדוֹלִים | great men
נָשִׁים טוֹבוֹת | good women

→ No article on either noun or adjective.

### Definite Attributive

Hebrew | Gloss
--- | ---
הַמֶּלֶךְ הַגָּדוֹל | the great king
הָאִשָּׁה הַטּוֹבָה | the good woman
הָאֲנָשִׁים הַגְּדוֹלִים | the great men

→ The article appears on both noun and adjective. This is the key diagnostic.

> Key rule: "Double article = attributive definite." If you see הַ on both the noun and the adjective, the adjective is attributive. The article on the adjective does not independently mark definiteness — it mirrors the noun.

## 4. Predicate Use

The predicate adjective makes a statement about the noun (equivalent to English "The king is great"). It follows these rules:

1. It agrees in gender and number with its subject
2. It does not take the definite article (even when the noun is definite)
3. There is no copula (no verb "to be") in the present-tense predicate
4. Word order is flexible — the adjective may precede or follow the noun

### Predicate adjective examples

Hebrew | Gloss | Notes
--- | --- | ---
הַמֶּלֶךְ גָּדוֹל | The king is great | Noun first; adjective without article
גָּדוֹל הַמֶּלֶךְ | The king is great | Adjective first; same meaning (verbless clause)
הָאִשָּׁה טוֹבָה | The woman is good | Feminine noun; feminine adjective; no article on adj.
טוֹב הַדָּבָר | The word/matter is good | ms adjective first

> The critical contrast:

> Construction | Hebrew | Signal
> --- | --- | ---
> Attributive definite | הַמֶּלֶךְ הַגָּדוֹל | Article on BOTH → "the great king"
> Predicate | הַמֶּלֶךְ גָּדוֹל | Article on noun only → "the king IS great"

> The article on the adjective is the on/off switch: article = attributive; no article = predicate.

## 5. Substantival Use

An adjective used without a head noun functions as a noun. This is the substantival use. The adjective may stand alone with or without the article.

Hebrew | Gloss | Notes
--- | --- | ---
הַטּוֹב | the good (thing); the good one | ms with article
הָרָע | the evil (thing); the evil one | ms with article
הַגְּדוֹלָה | the great one (f) | fs with article
טוֹב | good (thing); goodness | ms without article; context determines
רַבִּים | many (people) | mp without article; common substantival use
קְדֹשִׁים | holy ones; saints | mp; frequent in Psalms

> Identification tip: When an adjective appears with the article but no explicit noun to modify, it is almost certainly substantival. Context determines whether it is a person, thing, abstract quality, or collective.

## 6. Adjective Agreement with Irregular Nouns

Hebrew adjective agreement is grammatical (not notional). Several noun classes require careful attention:

Noun Class | Rule | Example
--- | --- | ---
Collective nouns (grammatically singular, referentially plural) | Adjective agrees with grammatical gender/number | הָעָם הַגָּדוֹל — "the great people" (ms, not mp)
Nouns with unexpected gender (אֶרֶץ f., עִיר f., יָד f., לֵב m.) | Adjective must match grammatical gender | הָאָרֶץ הַטּוֹבָה — "the good land" (fs)
אֱלֹהִים (formally plural, theologically singular) | Takes singular adjective when referring to the one God | הָאֱלֹהִים הַחַיִּים — "the living God" (but note: חַיִּים is mp — this is an exception where the plural form is conventional)
Compound subjects | Adjective is typically masculine plural |
Body-part pairs (dual nouns) | Adjective typically takes plural form |

> Practical note: When encountering an adjective that does not seem to match its noun in gender or number, first check: (1) Is the noun irregular in gender? (2) Is this a collective noun? (3) Is there a conventional exception at play?

## 7. Most Common Hebrew Adjectives (OT Frequency)

# | Hebrew | Transliteration | Gloss | OT Count (approx.) | Notes
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | גָּדוֹל | gādōl | great, large | ~525 | Most frequent adj. in OT
2 | טוֹב | ṭôb | good | ~490 | Also used as noun: "goodness"
3 | רַב | rab | many, great (in amount) | ~475 | Often substantival
4 | כֹּל | kōl | all, every | ~5,500 | Technically a noun used attributively; listed here for comparison
5 | רַע | raʿ | evil, bad | ~311 | Also noun: "evil, wickedness"
6 | קָדוֹשׁ | qādôš | holy | ~117 | Theological key term
7 | חָדָשׁ | ḥādāš | new | ~53 | "New covenant," "new song"
8 | כָּבֵד | kābēd | heavy, severe | ~40 | Also Qal stative verb
9 | יָשָׁר | yāšār | upright, straight | ~119 | Ethical term
10 | חָזָק | ḥāzāq | strong | ~57 | Often predicate use
11 | עַצוּם | ʿaṣûm | mighty, vast | ~31 | Often of nations
12 | אֶחָד | ʾeḥād | one | ~960 | Cardinal number; also attributive adj.
13 | גִּבּוֹר | gibbôr | mighty, warrior | ~159 | Also substantival: "warrior, hero"
14 | רִאשׁוֹן | rîšôn | first, former | ~182 | Ordinal adjective; often substantival
15 | שֵׁנִי | šēnî | second | ~156 | Ordinal; used attributively and substantivally

> Note on כֹּל: This word is technically a noun meaning "all, totality" but is used virtually always in attributive position before or after a noun. In the construct: כָּל־הָעָם ("all the people"); before the noun with article: כָּל הַמֶּלֶךְ is non-standard; כֹּל is nearly always in construct. Understanding its behavior is important for attributive adjective recognition.

## 8. Comparison of Adjectives

Biblical Hebrew expresses comparison analytically — there are no suffix forms equivalent to English "-er" or "-est." Comparison is built using separate constructions.

### Comparative ("more than," "-er")

The preposition מִן (from, than) follows the adjective:

Pattern | Hebrew | Gloss
--- | --- | ---
Adjective + מִן + noun | טוֹב מִדְּבַשׁ | sweeter than honey
Adjective + מִן + noun | גָּדוֹל מֵאָחִיו | greater than his brother
Adjective + מִן + noun | יָפָה מִכֹּל | more beautiful than all

OT examples:

- Jdg 14:18 — מַה־מָּתוֹק מִדְּבַשׁ — "What is sweeter than honey?"
- 1Sa 9:2 — לֹא־הָיָה אִישׁ מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל טוֹב מִמֶּנּוּ — "There was no one among the Israelites more handsome than he."
- Gen 25:23 — וְרַב יַעֲבֹד צָעִיר — "The older shall serve the younger" (רַב and צָעִיר used substantivally in comparison context).

### Superlative ("most," "-est")

Hebrew uses one of two constructions for the superlative:

1. Definite article + adjective (standing alone)

Hebrew | Gloss
--- | ---
הַקָּטֹן | the youngest / the smallest
הַגָּדוֹל | the greatest / the oldest
הָרִאשׁוֹן | the first (= the foremost)

2. Adjective + בְּ + כֹּל (among all)

Hebrew | Gloss
--- | ---
עָרוּם מִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה | more cunning than any beast of the field (Gen 3:1)
קָטֹן בְּכָל | the least among all

OT examples:

- Gen 3:1 — וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם מִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה — "Now the serpent was more crafty than any beast of the field."
- 1Sa 17:14 — וְדָוִד הוּא הַקָּטֹן — "And David was the youngest."
- Song 1:8 — הַיָּפָה בַּנָּשִׁים — "the most beautiful among women."

> Summary of comparison patterns:

> Type | Construction | Key marker
> --- | --- | ---
> Comparative | Adj + מִן + comparison item | מִן following adjective
> Superlative (type 1) | Article + Adj (alone) | Definite adjective without noun
> Superlative (type 2) | Adj + בְּ + כֹּל | בְּכֹל or מִכֹּל

## 9. Key Terms

Term | Definition
--- | ---
Attributive adjective | An adjective that directly modifies a noun; follows the noun; agrees in gender, number, AND definiteness
Predicate adjective | An adjective that stands in the predicate and makes a statement about the noun; agrees in gender and number but NOT definiteness (no article)
Substantival adjective | An adjective used as a noun without an explicit head noun
Definiteness agreement | The principle that an attributive adjective must match its noun in having or lacking the definite article
Verbless clause | A Hebrew sentence with no explicit verb; predicate adjectives typically occur in verbless clauses
Comparative | The "more than" degree of comparison; expressed with מִן
Superlative | The "most" degree; expressed with the definite article on the adjective, or with בְּ/מִן + כֹּל

## 10. Practice

Resource | Description
--- | ---
Adjective Usage Drill | 25-item exercise — identify use type, parse agreement, translate. Covers all three uses plus comparative/superlative.