# BBH Chapter 27 — Hiphil Weak Verbs (הִפְעִיל)

## Files

### Reference Files

File | Description
--- | ---
hiphil-paradigms.md | Strong paradigm reference (from Ch26) — full PGN tables with key-marker notes
hiphil-weak-pe-guttural-paradigms.md | I-guttural (Pe-Guttural) paradigms — roots עָמַד and עָזַר, all 8 conjugations with strong comparison
hiphil-weak-lamed-guttural-paradigms.md | III-ח/ע (Lamed-Guttural) paradigms — roots שָׁלַח and שָׁמַע, all 8 conjugations with strong comparison
hiphil-weak-lamed-aleph-paradigms.md | III-א (Lamed-Aleph) paradigms — roots מָצָא and קָרָא, all 8 conjugations with strong comparison
hiphil-weak-lamed-he-paradigms.md | III-ה (Lamed-He) paradigms — roots עָלָה and רָאָה, all 8 conjugations with strong comparison
hiphil-weak-pe-paradigms.md | I-נ and I-י paradigms — roots נָגַשׁ / נָפַל (I-נ) and יָרַד / יָצָא (I-י), all 8 conjugations each
hiphil-weak-biconsonantal-paradigms.md | Biconsonantal (II-י/ו) paradigms — roots קוּם and שִׂים, all 8 conjugations with strong comparison
hiphil-weak-geminate-paradigms.md | Geminate (II=III) paradigms — roots סָבַב and שָׁלַל, all 8 conjugations with Biconsonantal comparison

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch27-passage-exercise/ | Passage exercise — identify and parse weak Hiphil verbs in context
exercises/ch27-weak-form-id/ | Weak form identification drill — classify Hiphil forms by root class
exercises/ch27-biconsig-drill/ | Biconsonantal and Geminate Hiphil drilling — distinguish the two near-identical classes
exercises/ch27-niphal-hiphil-contrast/ | Niphal vs. Hiphil contrast — discriminate the two derived stems in form and meaning
exercises/ch27-function-sort/ | Semantic function sorting — classify weak Hiphil verbs by function type (causative, declarative, factitive, simple)
exercises/ch27-qal-hiphil-contrast/ | Qal vs. Hiphil contrast drill (weak roots) — spot the difference in form and meaning
exercises/ch27-stem-id-drill/ | Stem identification drill — Qal/Niphal/Hiphil weak roots

### Flashcards

File | Format | Description
--- | --- | ---
ch27-morphology-deck.md | Markdown | 40-card morphology deck — Hiphil Weak forms across all eight weak root classes
ch27-morphology-deck.txt | Anki import | Morphology deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (40 cards)
ch27-morphology-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Morphology deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (40 cards)
ch27-vocab-deck.md | Markdown | Vocabulary deck — 12 words (9 verbs, 3 nouns) with POS tags and frequency
ch27-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (12 cards)
ch27-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (12 cards)

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Hiphil Stem | Hiphil stem: root×conjugation heatmap, weak root behavior in the causative

Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt
Builds on Ch26 (Hiphil Strong Verbs). Weak forms only — semantic functions not repeated.

> Scope: This chapter extends the Hiphil paradigm to seven weak-root classes. Each class modifies
> the strong pattern in a predictable, phonologically motivated way. Functions (Causative, Declarative,
> Factitive, Simple Action, Denominative) were covered in Ch26 and are not repeated here.

## 1. The Eight Weak Classes — Overview

Class | Label | Representative roots | What changes | Affected conjugations
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
I-guttural (Pe-Guttural) | `pe-guttural` | עָמַד, עָזַר | Guttural rejects dagesh; hiriq → tsere under prefix; hateph-seghol under guttural | Imperfect, wayyiqtol, imperative, inf. construct
III-ח/ע (Lamed-Guttural) | `lamed-guttural` | שָׁלַח, שָׁמַע | Guttural triggers patach furtive before final guttural; a-class vowels before final ח/ע | Perfect, imperfect, participle
III-א (Lamed-Aleph) | `lamed-aleph` | מָצָא, קָרָא | Final א quiesces; preceding vowel lengthens compensatorily | Perfect 3ms/3fs, imperfect, participle
III-ה (Lamed-He) | `lamed-he` | עָלָה, רָאָה | Final ה is a vowel letter; endings contract; wayyiqtol apocopates | All conjugations
I-נ (Pe-Nun) | `pe-nun` | נָגַשׁ, נָפַל | Root נ assimilates into R2 with dagesh forte | Imperfect, wayyiqtol, imperative, inf. construct
I-י (Pe-Yod) | `pe-yod` | יָרַד, יָצָא | I-י/ו roots: הוֹרִיד sub-pattern; prefix vowel tsere | All conjugations
Biconsonantal (II-י/ו) | `biconsonantal` | קוּם, שִׂים | Two-consonant root with medial vowel letter; prefix pattern הֵקִים / הֵשִׂים | All conjugations
Geminate (II=III, Ayin-Doubled) | `geminate` | סָבַב, שָׁלַל | R2 = R3; forms nearly identical to Biconsonantal: הֵסֵב / יָסֵב / וַיָּסֶב | All conjugations

> Key principle: None of these classes requires learning a new stem. Every change follows from
> a standard phonological rule — quiescence, compensatory lengthening, assimilation, or patach
> furtive — applied to the strong Hiphil pattern. Recognize the rule; the form follows.

## 2. I-guttural (Pe-Guttural) Verbs

### Pattern

The Hiphil strong perfect (הִקְטִיל) shows hiriq under הִ. When R1 is a guttural, that hiriq remains in the perfect (gutturals do not affect the perfect prefix in the Hiphil). In the imperfect/wayyiqtol/imperative/infinitive construct, however, the strong form places dagesh forte in R1 after an assimilated prefix — gutturals refuse this dagesh. Instead, compensatory lengthening occurs: the prefix vowel patach (יַ) lengthens to tsere (יֵ). The guttural itself typically takes a composite shewa (hateph-patach for ע/ח, hateph-seghol for א).

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הֶעֱמִיד — seghol under הֶ before א/ע; hateph-seghol under guttural
- Imperfect 3ms: יַעֲמִיד — composite shewa under R1; no dagesh in R1
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּעֲמֵד — patach under וַיַּ (same as strong); composite shewa under R1; tsere final (regular Hiphil wayyiqtol shift)
- Imperative 2ms: הַעֲמֵד — patach under הַ; composite shewa under R1
- Participle ms: מַעֲמִיד — patach under מַ; composite shewa under R1

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד)
--- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הֶעֱמִיד
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַעֲמִיד
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּעֲמֵד
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהֶעֱמִיד
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲמֵד
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַעֲמִיד
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲמֵד
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַעֲמִיד

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-pe-guttural-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הֶעֱמִיד (1 Kgs 7:21) — "he set up [the pillars]" — perfect 3ms; seghol + hateph-seghol mark the I-guttural perfectly
- וַיַּעֲמֵד (Gen 43:9) — "and he set [him] before" — wayyiqtol 3ms; composite shewa visible under ע
- יַעֲמִיד (Exo 9:16) — "I have raised you up [for this]" — imperfect 1cs (note: אַעֲמִיד); guttural takes hateph-patach
- הַעֲמֵד (Num 27:19) — "set him before Eleazar" — imperative 2ms; הַ + composite shewa

## 3. III-ח/ע (Lamed-Guttural) Verbs

### Pattern

When R3 is ח or ע, the gutturals demand an a-class vowel in their syllable — they refuse e/i-class vowels before them. The main effect in the Hiphil:

- Before final ח/ע when the syllable is open and stressed: patach furtive (פַּתַח גְּנוּבָה) appears between the final vowel and the guttural. This is not a regular patach but a fleeting glide pronounced before the guttural, written below and before it.
- The Hiphil characteristic tsere (imperfect 3ms יַקְטֵל type wayyiqtol, and participle ms מַקְטִיל) shifts toward a-class when the guttural is final.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הִשְׁלִיחַ / הִשְׁמִיעַ — patach furtive written under the penultimate position, pronounced before the ח/ע
- Imperfect 3ms: יַשְׁלִיחַ — same patach furtive in open final syllable
- Participle ms: מַשְׁלִיחַ / מַשְׁמִיעַ — same pattern; the patach furtive is always present before word-final ח/ע

> Note: The patach furtive does NOT appear when ח/ע is followed by a suffix (e.g., הִשְׁמַעְתִּי — the guttural is now in a closed syllable and takes patach regularly).

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | III-ח/ע (שלח) | III-ח/ע (שמע)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִשְׁלִיחַ | הִשְׁמִיעַ
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַשְׁלִיחַ | יַשְׁמִיעַ
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּשְׁלַח | וַיַּשְׁמַע
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִשְׁלִיחַ | וְהִשְׁמִיעַ
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַשְׁלַח | הַשְׁמַע
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַשְׁלִיחַ | הַשְׁמִיעַ
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַשְׁלֵחַ | הַשְׁמֵעַ
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַשְׁלִיחַ | מַשְׁמִיעַ

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-lamed-guttural-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הִשְׁמִיעַ (Isa 48:6) — "I have made [you] hear" — perfect 3ms; patach furtive before final ע
- וַיַּשְׁמַע (1 Sam 15:14) — "and he made heard / let be heard" — wayyiqtol; patach (not tsere) before final ע
- מַשְׁמִיעַ (Isa 41:26) — "one who makes hear" — participle ms; patach furtive clearly visible
- הַשְׁמַע (Deut 4:10) — "make them hear" — imperative 2ms; patach before word-final ע

## 4. III-א (Lamed-Aleph) Verbs

### Pattern

The final א of the root quiesces (becomes silent) in word-final position. The vowel that would stand before it lengthens compensatorily. The Hiphil prefix הִ and characteristic chiriq are otherwise intact. The main effect: perfect 3ms ends in a long vowel + silent א, and the imperfect/wayyiqtol shows the expected Hiphil pattern with a silent final א.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הִמְצִיא — chiriq-yod + silent א; the form ends in visible א but it is silent
- Imperfect 3ms: יַמְצִיא — Hiphil chiriq before silent א; virtually identical to the strong root in pointing
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּמְצֵא — standard Hiphil wayyiqtol tsere before silent final א
- Participle ms: מַמְצִיא — מַ prefix + chiriq + silent final א

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | III-א (מצא) | III-א (קרא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִמְצִיא | הִקְרִיא
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַמְצִיא | יַקְרִיא
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּמְצֵא | וַיַּקְרֵא
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִמְצִיא | וְהִקְרִיא
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַמְצֵא | הַקְרֵא
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַמְצִיא | הַקְרִיא
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַמְצֵא | הַקְרֵא
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַמְצִיא | מַקְרִיא

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-lamed-aleph-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הִמְצִיא (Neh 9:15) — "you gave them bread" (lit. caused to find) — perfect 3ms; chiriq-yod + silent א
- וַיַּקְרֵא (Gen 1:5) — "and he called" — wayyiqtol 3ms; one of the most frequent forms in the OT; tsere before silent א
- יַקְרִיא (Neh 8:8) — "and they read" — imperfect 3mp (יַקְרִיאוּ); chiriq before silent א
- מַקְרִיא (Neh 8:3) — "one who reads aloud" — participle ms; מַ prefix

## 5. III-ה (Lamed-He) Verbs

### Pattern

The final ה of these roots is a vowel letter (mater lectionis), not a true consonant. In the Hiphil, III-ה roots show contracted endings throughout the paradigm. The distinctive Hiphil chiriq of the perfect is visible in the 3ms (הֶעֱלָה) but the stem vowel shortens before certain suffixes. The wayyiqtol apocopates (ה dropped) in the 3ms.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הֶעֱלָה — qamets + ה mater; note I-guttural interaction in עָלָה
- Imperfect 3ms: יַעֲלֶה — final seghol + ה (cf. Niphal יִגָּלֶה but with Hiphil patach prefix)
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּעַל — apocopated; ה dropped; form ends in R2 with short vowel
- Imperative 2ms: הַעֲלֵה — tsere + ה (cf. strong הַקְטֵל but ה added as vowel letter)
- Participle ms: מַעֲלֶה — seghol + ה

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | III-ה (עלה) | III-ה (ראה)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הֶעֱלָה | הֶרְאָה
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַעֲלֶה | יַרְאֶה
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּעַל | וַיַּרְא
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהֶעֱלָה | וְהֶרְאָה
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲלֵה | הַרְאֵה
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַעֲלוֹת | הַרְאוֹת
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲלֵה | הַרְאֵה
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַעֲלֶה | מַרְאֶה

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-lamed-he-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הֶעֱלָה (Gen 8:20) — "he offered up [burnt offerings]" — perfect 3ms; seghol + hateph-seghol due to I-guttural interaction in עָלָה
- וַיַּעַל (Gen 22:2) — "and he went up / offered up" — wayyiqtol apocopated; ה dropped; one of the most common apocopated Hiphil forms
- הַרְאֵה (Exo 33:18) — "show me your glory" — imperative 2ms; tsere + ה
- מַרְאֶה (Gen 2:9) — "pleasing to the sight" — participle ms functioning as adjective; seghol + ה

## 6. I-נ (Pe-Nun) Verbs

### Pattern

In the strong Hiphil, the prefix הִ/יַ/הַ is added directly to R1. When R1 = נ, the root נ assimilates into the following consonant (R2), producing dagesh forte in R2. This happens in the imperfect, wayyiqtol, imperative, and infinitive construct — the same conjugations where the strong Hiphil has a simple prefix (no chiriq before R1). In the perfect and participle, the הִ/מַ prefix vowel stabilizes the root נ, so assimilation does NOT occur.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הִגִּישׁ — chiriq + dagesh in R2 (ג); נ has already assimilated
- Imperfect 3ms: יַגִּישׁ — patach + dagesh in R2; no trace of נ
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּגֵּשׁ — patach under וַיַּ; dagesh in R2; tsere final
- Imperative 2ms: הַגֵּשׁ — הַ + dagesh in R2 + tsere
- Participle ms: מַגִּישׁ — מַ prefix; dagesh in R2 + chiriq

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | הִפִּיל
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | יַפִּיל
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | וַיַּפֵּל
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִגִּישׁ | וְהִפִּיל
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הַפֵּל
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | הַפִּיל
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הַפֵּל
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מַפִּיל

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-pe-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הִפִּיל (Gen 2:21) — "he caused to fall / cast" — perfect 3ms; dagesh in R2 (פ) is the give-away
- וַיַּפֵּל (Gen 2:21) — "and he cast [a deep sleep]" — wayyiqtol; dagesh in פ + tsere
- יַפִּיל (Pro 19:15) — "sleep brings on deep sleep" — imperfect 3ms; same pattern as perfect minus הִ
- הַגֵּשׁ (Gen 27:25) — "bring [me game]" — imperative 2ms; הַ + dagesh in ג

## 7. I-י (Pe-Yod) Verbs

### Pattern

I-י/ו roots in the Hiphil follow a distinctive pattern. Many I-י roots in Biblical Hebrew derive historically from I-ו (Pe-Vav), and the Hiphil of these roots uses הוֹ- as the perfect prefix: הוֹרִיד (יָרַד), הוֹלִיד (יָלַד), הוֹשִׁיב (יָשַׁב). The prefix vowel is holem-vav (הוֹ). In the imperfect/wayyiqtol, the pattern is יוֹרִיד / וַיּוֹרֵד with holem-vav under the prefix consonant. This is the single most reliable diagnostic for this class in the Hiphil.

A small subset of I-י roots that do not have a historical I-ו variant use a different vowel pattern (הֵיטִיב from יָטַב), but הוֹ- is the dominant sub-paradigm.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הוֹרִיד — הוֹ prefix (holem-vav) + chiriq in second syllable
- Imperfect 3ms: יוֹרִיד — holem-vav under prefix consonant + chiriq
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיּוֹרֵד — dagesh in י (contraction of וַיּ) + holem-vav + tsere
- Imperative 2ms: הוֹרֵד — הוֹ prefix + tsere
- Participle ms: מוֹרִיד — מוֹ prefix (holem-vav) + chiriq

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יוֹרִיד | יוֹצִיא
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹצֵא
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהוֹרִיד | וְהוֹצִיא
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מוֹרִיד | מוֹצִיא

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-pe-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הוֹצִיא (Gen 15:7) — "I brought you out" — perfect 1cs (הוֹצֵאתִי); הוֹ prefix unmistakable
- וַיּוֹצֵא (Gen 1:12) — "and [the earth] brought forth" — wayyiqtol; holem-vav under יּ
- יוֹרִיד (1 Sam 2:6) — "he brings down to Sheol" — imperfect 3ms; הוֹ/יוֹ pattern
- הוֹרִד (Gen 39:1) — "Joseph was brought down" — perfect 3ms Hophal (for contrast); note הוֹ without chiriq

## 8. Biconsonantal (II-י/ו) Verbs

### Pattern

Biconsonantal roots have only two true consonants (R1 and R3), with a medial long vowel that is historically a middle radical (R2 = י or ו). In the Hiphil, these roots use הֵ- as the perfect prefix (tsere under הֵ), and the root's medial vowel (holem-vav or hireq-yod) appears in the perfect. In the imperfect, the prefix takes patach (standard Hiphil) but the root's long vowel contracts: יָקִים from קוּם.

The key to identifying this class: the expected chiriq-yod of the Hiphil is replaced by the root's own medial vowel letter.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הֵקִים — הֵ prefix (tsere); chiriq + yod-vav medial cluster; ends in R3 (ם)
- Perfect 3ms (שׂים): הֵשִׂים — הֵ prefix; chiriq + yod medial; ends in מ
- Imperfect 3ms: יָקִים — qamets under prefix (not the usual patach); chiriq + yod
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיָּקֶם — dagesh in י; qamets; short seghol final
- Imperative 2ms: הָקֵם — הָ prefix (qamets); tsere final
- Participle ms: מֵקִים — מֵ prefix (tsere); chiriq-yod

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | Biconsonantal (קום) | Biconsonantal (שׂים)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הֵקִים | הֵשִׂים
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יָקִים | יָשִׂים
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיָּקֶם | וַיָּשֶׂם
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהֵקִים | וְהֵשִׂים
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הָקֵם | הָשֵׂם
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הָקִים | הָשִׂים
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הָקֵם | הָשֵׂם
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מֵקִים | מֵשִׂים

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-biconsonantal-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הֵקִים (Gen 6:18) — "I will establish my covenant" — perfect 1cs (הֲקִמֹתִי); הֵ prefix in 3ms
- וַיָּקֶם (Gen 23:20) — "it was deeded" — wayyiqtol apocopated form; qamets + seghol
- יָקִים (Deu 18:15) — "he will raise up" — imperfect 3ms; qamets prefix vowel
- מֵקִים (1 Sam 2:8) — "he raises up the poor" — participle ms; מֵ prefix with tsere

## 9. Geminate (Ayin-Doubled, II=III) Verbs

### Pattern

Geminate roots (R2 = R3) in the Hiphil produce forms that are nearly identical to the Biconsonantal (Hollow) Hiphil. The הֵ prefix (tsere) in the perfect, qamets under the imperfect prefix, and מֵ prefix in the participle are all shared. The only reliable distinguisher is knowing the root: Biconsonantal roots contain a hollow vowel letter (ו/י) as the medial consonant, while Geminate roots have an identical repeated R2/R3 consonant.

Diagnostic markers:
- Perfect 3ms: הֵסֵב — tsere under הֵ; same as Biconsonantal הֵקִים. Root examination required.
- Imperfect 3ms: יָסֵב — qamets under prefix consonant (יָ); same as Biconsonantal יָקִים
- Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיָּסֶב — qamets + contracted root + seghol; same as Biconsonantal וַיָּקֶם
- Imperative 2ms: הָסֵב — qamets under הָ; same as Biconsonantal הָקֵם
- Participle ms: מֵסֵב — tsere under מֵ; same as Biconsonantal מֵקִים

### Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב) | Biconsonantal (קום) — for comparison
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הֵסֵב | הֵקִים
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יָסֵב | יָקִים
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיָּסֶב | וַיָּקֶם
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהֵסֵב | וְהֵקִים
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הָסֵב | הָקֵם
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הָסֵב | הָקִים
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הָסֵב † | הָקֵם
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מֵסֵב | מֵקִים

→ Full PGN tables: hiphil-weak-geminate-paradigms.md

### Key Corpus Examples

- הֵסֵב (1 Kgs 21:4) — "he turned his face toward the wall" — perfect 3ms Hiphil from סָבַב (causative: "turned"); הֵ prefix unmistakable
- וַיָּסֶב (Josh 6:14) — "they marched around the city" — wayyiqtol 3ms; the Jericho narrative uses this root repeatedly
- הָסֵב (2 Sam 2:22) — "turn aside from following me" — imperative 2ms; qamets under הָ; Abner commands Asahel
- יָסֵב (Isa 44:20) — "a deluded heart has led him astray" — imperfect 3ms; qamets prefix; Hiphil of causation

## 10. High-Frequency Weak Hiphil Lemmas

The following roots are among the most common weak-class Hiphil lemmas in the OT. Frequency counts represent Hiphil tokens only.

Root | Class | OT Hi tokens | Gloss (Hiphil)
--- | --- | --- | ---
אָמַר | I-guttural | 1,000+ | cause to say; cite (rare); mostly Qal
עָלָה | I-gutt. + III-ה | 650+ | bring up, offer, cause to ascend
יָצָא | I-י | 550+ | bring out, cause to go out, lead out
הוֹלִיךְ / יָלַךְ | I-י | 450+ | lead, cause to walk, bring
עָמַד | I-guttural | 400+ | set up, present, station, cause to stand
שָׁמַע | III-ח/ע | 370+ | cause to hear, proclaim, announce
רָאָה | III-ה | 350+ | show, cause to see, display
שָׁלַח | III-ח/ע | 340+ | send out, release, let go
נָפַל | I-נ | 280+ | throw down, cast, cause to fall
קוּם | Biconsonantal | 270+ | establish, set up, raise up
יָרַד | I-י | 250+ | bring down, lead down
מָצָא | III-א | 220+ | cause to find; bring to; supply
נָגַשׁ | I-נ | 190+ | bring near, present, offer
שִׂים / קָרָא | Biconsonantal / III-א | 180+ | place, set / call out, read aloud
עָזַר | I-guttural | 80+ | come to the aid of (Hiphil = Qal-equivalent)
סָבַב | Geminate | 60+ | cause to go around, surround, bring around
שָׁלַל | Geminate | 30+ | cause to plunder, despoil

Sources: MACULA Hebrew WLC (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0) · BBH = Pratico & Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, 3rd ed.