# BBH Chapter 30 — Piel Strong Verbs (פִּעֵל)

## Files

### Reference Files

File | Description
--- | ---
piel-paradigms.md | Full PGN paradigm tables — Piel (דִּבֵּר model) with Qal reference column

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch30-passage-exercise/ | Passage exercise — identify and parse Piel Strong verbs in Torah narrative
exercises/ch30-function-sort/ | Semantic function sorting — classify 25 Piel forms as I / F / D / DN / SA
exercises/ch30-qal-piel-contrast/ | Qal vs. Piel contrast drill — parse 25 forms and identify stem, noting meaning shift
exercises/ch30-piel-paradigm-drill/ | Paradigm drill — write all 30 inflected forms of דבר (Piel) from memory
exercises/ch30-stem-id-drill/ | Stem identification drill — Qal/Niphal/Piel strong roots

### Flashcards

File | Format | Description
--- | --- | ---
ch30-morphology-deck.md | Markdown | 24-card morphology deck — Piel Strong forms across all 8 conjugations for 4 roots
ch30-morphology-deck.txt | Anki import | Morphology deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (24 cards)
ch30-morphology-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Morphology deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (24 cards)
ch30-vocab-deck.md | Markdown | 12-word vocabulary deck — 4 verbs + 8 nouns
ch30-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (12 cards)
ch30-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (12 cards)

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Piel Stem | Piel stem: complete morphological profile, intensive/factitive/declarative categories

Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt, Chapter 30

## 1. Function

The Piel is the intensive-active stem. Its passive counterpart (the Pual) is covered in Chapter 32.

Function | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
Intensive | Emphasizes forceful or thorough action | שִׁבֵּר — shattered (vs. Qal שָׁבַר broke)
Factitive | Makes an adjective or state into an action (causes something to become) | קִדֵּשׁ — consecrated (made holy)
Declarative | Declares or pronounces something to be in a state | טִמֵּא — declared unclean
Denominative | Verb derived from a noun | דִּבֵּר — spoke (from דָּבָר word)
Simple action | Some roots appear almost exclusively in Piel with no clear Qal intensification | בִּקֵּשׁ — sought; צִוָּה — commanded

> Key diagnostic: The Dagesh Forte in R2 (the middle root consonant) is the single most reliable Piel identifier across every conjugation. The Piel carries a characteristic Tsere (ֵ) under R2 in the Perfect 3ms and Imperfect, and an i-class vowel (Hireq or Patach) under R1.

## 2. Form — Diagnostic Markers

Conjugation | Piel pattern | Key
--- | --- | ---
Perfect 3ms | ִ under R1 + dagesh in R2 + Tsere (ֵ) under R2 | Dagesh in R2 + Tsere
Imperfect 3ms | Shewa under prefix (יְ) + Patach (ַ) under R1 + dagesh + Tsere | Shewa under prefix
Wayyiqtol | וַיְ prefix (Patach + shewa) | Contrasts Qal (וַיִּ) and Hiphil (וַיַּ)
Imperative 2ms | Patach (ַ) under R1 + dagesh + Tsere | Identical form to Inf. Construct
Inf. Construct | Patach (ַ) under R1 + dagesh + Tsere; identical to Imperative 2ms | Context and prepositions distinguish
Inf. Absolute | Same form as Imperative/Inf. Construct | Cognate construction: דַּבֵּר יְדַבֵּר
Participle ms | מְ prefix + Patach (ַ) under R1 + dagesh + Tsere | מְ prefix + dagesh distinguishes from Hiphil

## 3. Paradigm Tables

Conjugation | Piel 3ms | BBH § | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect (Qatal) | דִּבֵּר | 30.3 | Hireq under R1 + Dagesh in R2 + Tsere under R2
Imperfect (Yiqtol) | יְדַבֵּר | 30.4 | Shewa under prefix; Patach under R1; Dagesh in R2
Wayyiqtol | וַיְדַבֵּר | — | וַיְ prefix (contrast Qal וַיִּ, Hiphil וַיַּ)
Weqatal | וְדִבֶּר | — | וְ + Perfect form
Imperative | דַּבֵּר | 30.5 | Identical form to Inf. Construct
Inf. Construct | דַּבֵּר | 30.6 | Identical form to Imperative 2ms
Inf. Absolute | דַּבֵּר | 30.7 |
Participle | מְדַבֵּר | 30.8 | מְ prefix + dagesh in R2

## 4. Real Forms — דִּבֵּר (Piel)

Root דבר — "to speak" (Piel denominative from דָּבָר, "word") — 1,090 OT occurrences

Conjugation | Form | Reference | Morph | Gloss
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect 2ms | דִּבַּרְתָּ | Exo 4:15 | Vpq2ms | you spoke
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיְדַבֵּר | Gen 8:15 | Vpw3ms | and he spoke
Imperfect 2ms | תְּדַבֵּר | Gen 31:24 | Vpi2ms | you shall speak
Imperative 2ms | דַּבֵּר | Gen 24:33 | Vpv2ms | speak!
Inf. Construct | דַּבֵּר | Gen 17:22 | Vpc | to speak
Inf. Absolute | דַּבֵּר | Exo 4:14 | Vpa | (cognate construction)
Participle ms | מְדַבֵּר | Gen 27:6 | Vprmsa | speaking

> Denominative note: דִּבֵּר is the paradigm Piel denominative — the verb "to speak" is formed from the noun דָּבָר ("word"). The root rarely appears in the Qal (only a few archaic forms). Nearly all 1,090 OT occurrences are Piel.

## 5. Most Common Piel Lemmas — Torah (Genesis–Deuteronomy)

# | Root | Count (Torah) | Piel Meaning | Function Type
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | דבר | 408 | to speak | Denominative
2 | צוה | 246 | to command | Simple action / Denominative
3 | ברך | 108 | to bless | Intensive
4 | שלח | 106 | to send away, release | Intensive
5 | כפר | 74 | to make atonement | Denominative / Factitive
6 | כסה | 44 | to cover | Intensive
7 | קדש | 43 | to consecrate, make holy | Factitive
8 | כלה | 42 | to finish, complete | Intensive
9 | כבס | 38 | to wash (launder) | Intensive
10 | מלא | 32 | to fill | Factitive
11 | גלה | 27 | to uncover, expose | Intensive
12 | שרת | 27 | to minister, serve | Simple action
13 | שלם | 27 | to make restitution, repay | Factitive
14 | טמא | 26 | to declare unclean; to defile | Declarative / Factitive
15 | מהר | 26 | to hurry | Intensive
16 | צפה | 25 | to overlay (with gold/silver) | Denominative
17 | ענה | 25 | to afflict, humble | Factitive
18 | חלל | 21 | to profane, desecrate | Factitive
19 | טהר | 17 | to declare clean; to cleanse | Declarative / Factitive
20 | בער | 17 | to remove, purge | Intensive

## 6. Example Passages

### Denominative

Wayyiqtol — Gen 8:15
וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־נֹ֥חַ לֵאמֹֽר׃
"And God spoke to Noah, saying:"
→ דבר Piel+Wayyiqtol+3ms; paradigm example of the Piel Wayyiqtol. The וַיְ prefix (patach + shewa) is the hallmark marker — contrast Qal וַיֹּאמֶר.

Imperfect — Gen 31:24
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לוֹ֙ אֱלֹהִ֔ים הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֔ פֶּן־תְּדַבֵּ֥ר עִֽם־יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִטּ֥וֹב עַד־רָֽע׃
"And God said to him, 'Be careful that you do not speak to Jacob either good or bad.'"
→ דבר Piel+Imperfect+2ms; shewa under prefix (תְּ) + patach under R1 (דַ) + dagesh in R2 + tsere.

Imperative — Gen 24:33
וַיֹּ֖אמֶר דַּבֵּֽר׃
"And he said, 'Speak!'"
→ דבר Piel+Imperative+2ms; form identical to Inf. Construct; context (direct command) disambiguates.

Infinitive Construct — Gen 17:22
וַיַּ֖עַל אֱלֹהִ֑ים מֵעַ֖ל אַבְרָהָֽם׃ [after finishing] דַּבֵּ֣ר אִתּ֔וֹ
"When he had finished speaking with him, God went up from Abraham."
→ דבר Piel+Inf.Construct; introduced by temporal clause; same form as Imperative.

Participle — Gen 27:6
וְרִבְקָ֗ה אָמְרָה֙ אֶל־יַעֲקֹ֣ב בְּנָ֔הּ לֵאמֹ֖ר הִנֵּ֣ה שָׁמַ֔עְתִּי אֶת־אָבִ֖יךָ מְדַבֵּ֛ר אֶל־עֵשָׂ֥ו אָחִ֖יךָ
"Now Rebekah was speaking to Jacob her son…"
→ דבר Piel+Participle+ms active; מְ prefix + patach + dagesh + tsere pattern.

### Factitive

Wayyiqtol — Gen 2:3
וַיְבָ֤רֶךְ אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־י֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י וַיְקַדֵּ֖שׁ אֹת֑וֹ
"And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy."
→ קדש Piel+Wayyiqtol+3ms; "made it holy" — caused the day to become holy. Classic factitive: creating a state.

Imperative — Exo 13:2
קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֤י כָל־בְּכוֹר֙
"Consecrate to me every firstborn."
→ קדש Piel+Imperative+2ms; God commands Israel to make the firstborn holy (set them apart as belonging to him).

Perfect — Exo 19:10
קִדַּשְׁתָּ֥ אֹתָ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם וּמָחָ֑ר
"Consecrate them today and tomorrow."
→ קדש Piel+Perfect+2ms (instructional/performative perfect); Moses directed to effect a state of holiness.

Participle — Exo 31:13
אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה מְקַדִּשְׁכֶֽם׃
"I am the LORD who consecrates you."
→ קדש Piel+Participle+ms; מְ prefix + dagesh in R2 + tsere; predicate participle identifying God as agent who causes holiness.

### Declarative

Weqatal — Gen 34:5 (טמא)
וְטִמֵּ֖א אֶת־דִּינָ֣ה בִתּ֑וֹ
"…and he had defiled Dinah his daughter."
→ טמא Piel+Perfect+3ms; "defiled" = declared/made ritually and morally unclean. The Piel of טמא moves from the adjective טָמֵא ("unclean") to the active causative sense.

Perfect — Lev 13:6 (טהר)
וְטִהֲר֣וֹ הַכֹּהֵ֔ן מִסְפַּ֖חַת הִ֑וא
"…then the priest shall pronounce him clean; it is only a rash."
→ טהר Piel+Perfect+3ms; priestly declaration — the priest pronounces the person clean (declarative, not causing cleanness).

Inf. Construct — Job 32:2 (צדק)
עַ֚ל צַדְּק֣וֹ נַפְשׁ֔וֹ מֵאֱלֹהִֽים׃
"…because he justified himself rather than God."
→ צדק Piel+Inf.Construct; "declared himself righteous" — the Piel of צדק is purely declarative.

### Intensive

Perfect — Gen 17:16 (ברך)
וּבֵרַכְתִּ֣י אֹתָ֔הּ וְגַ֨ם נָתַ֧תִּי מִמֶּ֛נָּה לְךָ֖ בֵּ֑ן
"I will bless her, and I will also give you a son by her."
→ ברך Piel+Perfect+1cs; God's intensive/thoroughgoing blessing on Sarah. Contrast Qal which is rarer.

Wayyiqtol — Gen 1:22 (ברך)
וַיְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵאמֹ֑ר פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֛וּ
"And God blessed them, saying, 'Be fruitful and multiply.'"
→ ברך Piel+Wayyiqtol+3ms; first occurrence of the root in the OT; God's powerful creative blessing.

Inf. Absolute — Gen 22:17 (ברך)
כִּֽי־בָרֵ֣ךְ אֲבָרֶכְךָ֗ וְהַרְבָּ֨ה אַרְבֶּ֤ה אֶֽת־זַרְעֲךָ֙
"I will surely bless you, and I will surely multiply your offspring."
→ ברך Piel+Inf.Absolute + Piel+Imperfect+1cs (אֲבָרֶכְךָ); cognate absolute construction intensifies the promise.

## 7. Conjugation Distribution (OT-Wide)

### Piel (6,484 total tokens)

Conjugation | Count | %
--- | --- | ---
Perfect (Qatal) | 1,613 | 24.9%
Imperfect (Yiqtol) | 1,311 | 20.2%
Wayyiqtol | 968 | 14.9%
Infinitive Construct | 705 | 10.9%
Participle (active) | 682 | 10.5%
Weqatal | 501 | 7.7%
Imperative | 441 | 6.8%
Infinitive Absolute | 102 | 1.6%
Cohortative | 86 | 1.3%
Jussive | 74 | 1.1%

> Teaching note: The Piel Perfect (25%) and Imperfect (20%) together account for nearly half of all Piel tokens. This contrasts with the Qal, where Wayyiqtol is the most common narrative form. The relatively high Inf. Construct (11%) reflects the Piel's frequent use in legal/instructional prose with לְ + Inf. Construct constructions.

## 8. Piel-Dominant Roots (Roots ≥80% Piel)

These roots appear almost exclusively in the Piel — there is no meaningful Qal intensification contrast:

Root | Piel | Total | % | Primary Meaning
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
שרת | 97 | 97 | 100.0% | to minister, serve
מאן | 45 | 45 | 100.0% | to refuse
בקש | 222 | 225 | 98.7% | to seek
צוה | 485 | 494 | 98.2% | to command
נצח | 64 | 65 | 98.5% | to direct (music)
דבר | 1,090 | 1,141 | 95.5% | to speak
זמר | 45 | 48 | 93.8% | to sing praises
רחם | 42 | 46 | 91.3% | to have compassion
כפר | 92 | 101 | 91.1% | to make atonement
מהר | 59 | 66 | 89.4% | to hurry
שלם | 89 | 103 | 86.4% | to repay, make restitution
כסה | 131 | 152 | 86.2% | to cover
כבס | 44 | 51 | 86.3% | to wash (launder)
קוה | 41 | 48 | 85.4% | to wait for, hope
נסה | 35 | 36 | 97.2% | to test

> For these roots, the Piel is the standard active form. There is no meaningful Qal contrast to intensify.

## 9. Summary: Identifying the Piel at a Glance

Question | Answer
--- | ---
What is the one universal marker of the Piel? | Dagesh Forte in R2 (the middle root consonant)
How do I distinguish Piel from Pual? | Piel: i-class vowel (Hireq/Tsere) under R1 · Pual: u-class vowel (Qibbuts/Shureq) under R1 — see Ch32
How do I distinguish Piel Wayyiqtol from Qal? | Piel: וַיְ (patach + shewa); Qal: וַיִּ (patach + hireq + dagesh)
How do I distinguish Piel Wayyiqtol from Hiphil? | Piel: וַיְ; Hiphil: וַיַּ (patach + patach + dagesh)
Is the Piel Participle active or passive? | Active — מְדַבֵּר "speaking"
What form is Piel Inf. Construct identical to? | The Piel Imperative 2ms — context and prepositions distinguish them
Where is the Pual (passive of Piel) covered? | Chapter 32