# Hophal Paradigm Tables — הוּמַת / יֻקַּם

Hophal paradigm root: מוּת (to die → to be put to death) — strong biconsonantal, paradigm of the passive causative
Alternative root: נָקַם (to avenge → to be avenged) — demonstrates the u-vowel under prefix

## Perfect (Qatal)

Person | Qal (ref.) | Hophal (מות) | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | קָטַל | הוּמַת | הֻ prefix + Patach under R2
3fs | קָטְלָה | הוּמְתָה |
2ms | קָטַלְתָּ | הוּמַתָּ |
2fs | קָטַלְתְּ | הוּמַתְּ |
1cs | קָטַלְתִּי | הוּמַתִּי |
3cp | קָטְלוּ | הוּמְתוּ |
2mp | קְטַלְתֶּם | הוּמַתֶּם |
2fp | קְטַלְתֶּן | הוּמַתֶּן |
1cp | קָטַלְנוּ | הוּמַתְנוּ |

> Key marker: הוּ prefix (he + shureq) + Patach under R2 in 3ms. The שׁוּ/הוּ prefix vowel is the definitive Hophal Perfect marker — compare Hiphil הִ prefix and Niphal נִ prefix.

## Imperfect (Yiqtol)

Person | Qal (ref.) | Hophal | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | יִקְטֹל | יוּמַת | יֻ/יוּ prefix + Patach under R2
3fs | תִּקְטֹל | תּוּמַת |
2ms | תִּקְטֹל | תּוּמַת |
2fs | תִּקְטְלִי | תּוּמְתִי |
1cs | אֶקְטֹל | אוּמַת |
3mp | יִקְטְלוּ | יוּמְתוּ |
3fp | תִּקְטֹלְנָה | תּוּמַתְנָה |
2mp | תִּקְטְלוּ | תּוּמְתוּ |
2fp | תִּקְטֹלְנָה | תּוּמַתְנָה |
1cp | נִקְטֹל | נוּמַת |

> Key marker: יוּ/תוּ/אוּ/נוּ prefix (shureq under prefix consonant) + Patach under R2. Contrast Hiphil יַ/תַּ prefix. The Hophal Imperfect can also take Qibbuts (יֻקַּם) in some forms — both shureq and qibbuts are Hophal markers.

## Wayyiqtol

Person | Hophal | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | וַיּוּמַת | וַיּ + Hophal Imperfect; note geminate prefix
3fs | וַתּוּמַת |
3mp | וַיּוּמְתוּ |
3cp | וַיּוּמְתוּ |

> Key marker: וַיּ + Shureq under the prefix consonant. The doubling (dagesh in the prefix letter) is the usual Wayyiqtol assimilation of the vav.

## Weqatal

Person | Hophal | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | וְהוּמַת | וְ + Perfect form
3fs | וְהוּמְתָה |
2ms | וְהוּמַתָּ |
3cp | וְהוּמְתוּ |

> Key marker: וְ + Hophal Perfect form. The הוּ prefix is preserved.

## Imperative

The Hophal has no Imperative. Passive verbs cannot be commanded.

## Infinitive Construct

Form | Hophal | Notes
--- | --- | ---
Base | הוּמַת | Rare; same pattern as Perfect 3ms
+ לְ | לְהוּמַת |

> Key marker: Same form as Perfect 3ms. Context distinguishes. Hophal Inf. Construct is rare (7 tokens OT-wide).

## Infinitive Absolute

Form | Hophal
--- | ---
Standard | הוּמֵת

> Hophal Inf. Absolute takes Tsere under R2 (contrast Perfect Patach). Very rare (6 tokens OT-wide).

## Participle

Form | Hophal (passive) | Notes
--- | --- | ---
ms | מוּמָת | מ prefix + Shureq/Qibbuts under R1 + Qamets under R2
fs | מוּמָתֶת |
mp | מוּמָתִים |
fp | מוּמָתוֹת |

Root נגד — Hophal Participle (more common form)

Form | Hophal
--- | ---
ms | מֻגָּד
mp | מֻגָּדִים

> Key marker — Hophal Participle: מ prefix + Shureq (וּ) or Qibbuts (ֻ) under R1 + Qamets (ָ) or Patach under R2. Distinguished from Pual Participle (which also has מ prefix + u-vowel) by: Hophal Participle is the passive of the Causative (Hiphil); Pual is the passive of the Intensive (Piel). Both use מ + u-class vowel under R1.

## Summary: Hiphil vs. Hophal at a Glance

Feature | Hiphil (active causative) | Hophal (passive causative)
--- | --- | ---
Perfect prefix | הִ (Hireq) | הוּ or הֻ (Shureq/Qibbuts)
Imperfect prefix vowel | יַ / תַּ (Patach) | יוּ / יֻ (Shureq/Qibbuts)
Wayyiqtol prefix | וַיַּ | וַיּוּ
Participle prefix | מַ (Patach) | מוּ / מֻ (Shureq/Qibbuts)
Imperative | Yes (הַקְטֵל) | No — passive
Meaning | Causes action | Passive: caused to undergo action

The single most reliable Hophal identifier: u-class vowel (Shureq וּ or Qibbuts ֻ) under the prefix consonant.