# BBH Chapter 24 — Niphal Strong Verbs (נִפְעַל)

## Files

### Reference Files

File | Description
--- | ---
niphal-paradigms.md | Full conjugation paradigms (Perfect through Participle) with PGN tables and key-marker notes

### Exercises

Exercise | Description
--- | ---
exercises/ch24-passage-exercise/ | "Spot the Niphal" — Joseph narrative (Gen 37, 44–45, 47, 49); 14 verbs to parse
exercises/ch24-function-sort/ | Semantic function sorting — classify 12 Niphal verbs by function type
exercises/ch24-qal-niphal-contrast/ | Qal vs. Niphal contrast — spot the difference in form and meaning
exercises/ch24-niphal-paradigm-drill/ | Paradigm drill — write all 30 inflected forms of קטל (Niphal) from memory
exercises/ch24-stem-id-drill/ | Stem identification drill — Qal vs. Niphal strong roots; identify stem, conjugation, PGN, and root

### Flashcards

File | Format | Description
--- | --- | ---
ch24-morphology-deck.md | Markdown | 28-card morphology deck — Niphal forms across 4 roots and 8 conjugations
ch24-morphology-deck.txt | Anki import | Morphology deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (28 cards)
ch24-morphology-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Morphology deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (28 cards)
ch24-vocab-deck.md | Markdown | Vocabulary deck — 14 verbs (Niphal and related stems) with POS tags and frequency
ch24-vocab-deck.txt | Anki import | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Anki File → Import (14 cards)
ch24-vocab-deck-fd.txt | Flashcards Deluxe | Vocabulary deck — tab-separated, ready for Flashcards Deluxe import (14 cards)

### Notebooks

Notebook | What it shows
--- | ---
Niphal Stem | Niphal stem: complete morphological profile, top roots, semantic categories (passive/reflexive/reciprocal)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt
Data source: MACULA Hebrew WLC · 4,144 Niphal tokens across the OT

## 1. Function (BBH §24.2)

The Niphal is the primary reflexive/passive stem of Biblical Hebrew. Unlike the Qal, which describes direct action, the Niphal expresses what happens to the subject or for the subject's benefit.

Function | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
Passive | Receives the Qal action | נִשְׁמַר "was kept/guarded" ← שָׁמַר "kept"
Reflexive | Acts on or for oneself | נִשְׁמַר "kept himself (careful)" ← שָׁמַר "kept"
Reciprocal | Mutual action between subjects | נוֹעֲדוּ "met each other" ← יָעַד "appoint"
Middle/Stative | Internal state or condition | נִכְלַם "felt ashamed" · נִשְׁאַר "was left/remained"
Tolerative (not in BBH) | Allowed the action to happen | נִמְכַּר "allowed himself to be sold"

> Key diagnostic: The Niphal is the only derived stem that uses a נ prefix in the Perfect and a doubled middle consonant (from nun-assimilation) in the Imperfect, Imperative, and Infinitive. When you see הִשָּׁמֵר, the doubled שׁ (Dagesh Forte) is the assimilated nun — a clear Niphal marker.

## 2. Form — Diagnostic Markers

- Perfect (qatal): נִ vowel prefix on first consonant → נִשְׁמַר (nišmar)
- Imperfect (yiqtol): יִ prefix + Dagesh Forte in first root consonant → יִשָּׁמֵר (yiššāmēr)
- Wayyiqtol: וַיִּ prefix + Dagesh Forte in first root consonant → וַיִּשָּׁמֵר
- Weqatal: Same as Perfect with vav-consecutive prefix → וְנִשְׁמַר
- Imperative: הִ prefix + Dagesh Forte → הִשָּׁמֵר (hiššāmēr)
- Infinitive Construct: הִ prefix + Dagesh Forte → הִשָּׁמֵר (hiššāmēr)
- Infinitive Absolute: נִ prefix + /-ôr/ ending → נִשְׁמוֹר (nišmôr)
- Participle: נִ prefix + /-ā/ final vowel → נִשְׁמָר (nišmār)

> Note on nun-assimilation: In the Perfect, the characteristic נ is visible as a prefix vowel (נִ-). In all other conjugations, the nun assimilates into the first root consonant, producing a Dagesh Forte. The Infinitive Absolute preserves the nun without assimilation.

## 3. Paradigm Table

Full inflection tables: niphal-paradigms.md

Conjugation | 3ms Form | BBH § | Notes
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect (Qatal) | נִשְׁמַר | 24.3 | נִ prefix visible
Imperfect (Yiqtol) | יִשָּׁמֵר | 24.4 | Dagesh Forte in שׁ
Wayyiqtol | וַיִּשָּׁמֵר | — | Same as imperfect + וַיִּ
Weqatal | וְנִשְׁמַר | — | Same as perfect + וְ
Imperative | הִשָּׁמֵר | 24.5 | הִ prefix + Dagesh Forte
Infinitive Construct | הִשָּׁמֵר | 24.6 | Identical to Imperative ms
Infinitive Absolute | נִשְׁמוֹר | 24.6 | נִ prefix restored + /-ôr/
Participle | נִשְׁמָר | 24.7 | נִ prefix + Qamets final vowel

## 4. Real Forms — שָׁמַר (to keep/guard)

שָׁמַר is the paradigm root for the Niphal in BBH. It is also highly attested in the actual OT — 21 Niphal occurrences in the Torah alone.

Conjugation | Hebrew | Transliteration | Gloss
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect 3ms | נִשְׁמַר | nišmar | he was kept / kept himself
Perfect 2ms | נִשְׁמַרְתָּ | nišmartā | you kept yourself
Imperfect 3ms | יִשָּׁמֵר | yiššāmēr | he will be kept / keep himself
Imperfect 2mp | תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ | tiššāmērû | you shall keep yourselves
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיִּשָּׁמֵר | wayyiššāmēr | and he kept himself
Weqatal 3ms | וְנִשְׁמַר | wənišmar | and he will keep himself
Imperative 2ms | הִשָּׁמֵר | hiššāmēr | keep yourself! / beware!
Imperative 2mp | הִשָּׁמְרוּ | hiššāmərû | keep yourselves!
Inf. Construct | הִשָּׁמֵר | hiššāmēr | to keep oneself / to beware
Inf. Absolute | נִשְׁמוֹר | nišmôr | (keeping oneself — emphatic)
Participle ms | נִשְׁמָר | nišmār | one who is kept / keeping himself

> Note on ambiguity: שָׁמַר Niphal oscillates between passive ("be guarded") and reflexive/tolerative ("guard oneself, take heed"). Context determines which sense applies. הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ ("take heed to yourself") is reflexive; הַנִּשְׁמָרִים ("those who are guarded") is passive.

## 5. Most Common Niphal Lemmas — Torah (Genesis–Deuteronomy)

Filtered to Gen, Exo, Lev, Num, Deu · all conjugations

# | Root | Lemma | Torah (×) | Niphal Meaning | Function Type
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | שבע | שָׁבַע | 61 | swore / take an oath | Reflexive
2 | ראה | רָאָה | 49 | appeared / was seen | Passive / Middle
3 | עשה | עָשָׂה | 36 | was done / accomplished | Passive
4 | אכל | אָכַל | 34 | was eaten / may be eaten | Passive
5 | מצא | מָצָא | 30 | was found | Passive
6 | כרת | כָּרַת | 28 | was cut off (excommunicated) | Passive
7 | אסף | אָסַף | 24 | was gathered / was buried | Passive
8 | יתר | יָתַר | 22 | was left over / remained | Middle/Stative
9 | שאר | שָׁאַר | 22 | was left / remained | Middle/Stative
10 | שמר | שָׁמַר | 21 | kept himself / was careful | Reflexive
11 | נצב | נָצַב | 21 | stood / took a stand | Reflexive/Middle
12 | לחם | לָחַם | 17 | fought (for oneself) | Reflexive
13 | מול | מוּל | 16 | was circumcised | Passive/Tolerative
14 | סלח | סָלַח | 13 | was forgiven | Passive
15 | יעד | יָעַד | 11 | met / appointed to meet | Reciprocal
16 | מכר | מָכַר | 11 | was sold / sold himself | Passive/Tolerative
17 | ילד | יָלַד | 11 | was born | Passive
18 | קרא | קָרָא | 11 | was called / named | Passive
19 | נתן | נָתַן | 10 | was given | Passive
20 | שמד | שָׁמַד | 10 | was destroyed | Passive

## 6. Example Passages

For each semantic function, examples are drawn from the Torah (preferred), then Psalms/Prophets.

### Passive

Perfect — Exo 28:35 — וְנִשְׁמַ֣ע קוֹל֗וֹ

"…and its sound shall be heard."

→ שמע Niphal Perfect 3ms; the priest's bells must sound so that he will not die — the passive confirms the sound's reception by others and by God.

Imperfect — Gen 2:23 — לְזֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה

"This one shall be called Woman."

→ קרא Niphal Imperfect 3ms; God's act of naming is expressed through the passive: the woman receives her name. Compare Gen 17:5 (Abram → Abraham: יִקָּרֵ֥א שִׁמְךָ֖ אַבְרָהָֽם).

Wayyiqtol — Gen 12:7 — וַיֵּרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם

"And the LORD appeared to Abram."

→ ראה Niphal Wayyiqtol 3ms; the Niphal of ראה is the standard idiom for a divine appearance (theophany). The LORD is the grammatical subject who "is seen" — the Niphal frames the event from the human perspective.

Weqatal — Gen 9:2 — וּבְיֶדְכֶ֖ם נִתָּֽנוּ

"…and they are given into your hand."

→ נתן Niphal Weqatal 3cp; God's grant of authority over animals is phrased as a divine passive: God is the implied agent.

Imperative — Deu 24:8 — הִשָּׁ֧מֶר בְּנֶ֣גַע הַצָּרַ֗עַת

"Take heed in the matter of leprous disease."

→ שמר Niphal Imperative 2ms; the Niphal imperative carries both reflexive ("guard yourself") and tolerative force ("be careful that you allow no violation").

Infinitive Construct — Gen 2:4 — בְּהִבָּרְאָ֖ם

"…when they were created."

→ ברא Niphal Infinitive Construct (with 3mp suffix); this is the only Niphal Infinitive Construct of ברא in the Torah, reinforcing the exclusively passive nature of creation: the world does not create itself.

Infinitive Absolute — Num 15:31 — הִכָּרֵ֧ת ׀ תִּכָּרֵ֛ת הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַהִ֖וא

"That person shall surely be cut off."

→ כרת Niphal Infinitive Absolute + Imperfect 3fs; the cognate absolute construction intensifies the inevitable judgment — the person will be utterly excommunicated.

Participle — Gen 2:9 — נֶחְמָ֥ד לְמַרְאֶ֖ה

"…pleasant to the sight."

→ חמד Niphal Participle ms; describes the trees of the garden in their continuous appealing state — the Niphal participle functions adjectivally.

### Reflexive

Perfect — Deu 23:10 — כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֥א מַחֲנֶ֖ה עַל־אֹיְבֶ֑יךָ וְנִ֨שְׁמַרְתָּ֔ מִכֹּ֖ל דָּבָ֥ר רָֽע

"When you go out as an army against your enemies, you shall keep yourself from every evil thing."

→ שמר Niphal Perfect 2ms; the Niphal of שמר in legal/Torah contexts is almost always reflexive: the subject guards himself from impurity or danger.

Imperfect — Exo 23:13 — וּבְכֹ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַ֥רְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֖ם תִּשָּׁמֵ֑רוּ

"In all that I have said to you, be careful."

→ שמר Niphal Imperfect 2mp; a general reflexive command to Israel to preserve covenant faithfulness by watching themselves carefully.

Wayyiqtol — Exo 17:8 — וַיָּבֹ֣א עֲמָלֵ֑ק וַיִּלָּ֥חֶם עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בִּרְפִידִֽם

"Then Amalek came and fought with Israel at Rephidim."

→ לחם Niphal Wayyiqtol 3ms; לָחַם occurs almost exclusively in the Niphal (94% of all occurrences) — this root is its Niphal. The reflexive sense captures the mutual engagement of battle.

Weqatal — Gen 6:7 — נִחַ֖מְתִּי כִּ֥י עֲשִׂיתִֽם

"I am sorry that I made them."

→ נחם Niphal Weqatal 1cs; the Niphal of נחם expresses an inner change of disposition — a middle/reflexive sense: God's "relenting" or "being moved with grief." This is the theological heart of the flood narrative.

Imperative — Gen 24:6 — הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֔ פֶּן־תָּשִׁ֥יב אֶת־בְּנִ֖י שָֽׁמָּה

"See to it that you do not take my son back there."

→ שמר Niphal Imperative 2ms; Abraham's solemn charge to his servant is expressed as a reflexive imperative — the servant must guard himself (i.e., take care) not to return Isaac.

Inf. Construct — Lev 25:50 — מִשְּׁנַ֤ת הִמָּֽכְרוֹ֙ לוֹ

"…from the year he sold himself to him."

→ מכר Niphal Infinitive Construct (3ms suffix); here the reflexive/tolerative Niphal expresses voluntary entry into debt-servitude — the man "sold himself" (allowed himself to be sold).

Participle — Gen 18:2 — וְשָׁלֹשָׁ֥ה אֲנָשִׁ֖ים נִצָּבִ֣ים עָלָ֑יו

"…and three men were standing near him."

→ נצב Niphal Participle mp; the Niphal of נצב describes the state of standing that results from having positioned oneself — a reflexive-resultative nuance. This root is almost exclusively Niphal.

### Reciprocal

Perfect — Exo 25:22 — וְנוֹעַדְתִּ֣י לְךָ֮ שָׁ֒ם֒

"I will meet with you there."

→ יעד Niphal Perfect 1cs; the Niphal of יָעַד (to appoint) becomes "to meet by appointment" — reciprocal because meeting requires two parties. God declares that the Tabernacle will be his appointment-place with Israel.

Imperfect — Exo 29:42 — אֲשֶׁ֨ר אִוָּעֵ֤ד לָכֶם֙ שָׁ֔מָּה

"…where I will meet with you."

→ יעד Niphal Imperfect 1cs; the regular meeting between God and his people at the Tent of Meeting is marked by the reciprocal Niphal — both parties are present for the encounter.

Wayyiqtol — Job 2:11 — וַיִּוָּעֲד֣וּ יַחְדָּ֔ו

"…and they met together."

→ יעד Niphal Wayyiqtol 3mp; Job's three friends agreed to come and met together — the mutual assembly is expressed by the reciprocal Niphal with the adverb יַחְדָּו ("together").

Participle — 1 Kgs 8:5 — וְהָעֵדָה֙ כֻּלָּ֔הּ נּוֹעָדִ֣ים עָלָ֑יו

"…and the whole assembly of Israel was assembled before him."

→ יעד Niphal Participle mp; the assembled congregation gathered with each other — a reciprocal action resulting in collective assembly.

> Note: No Niphal Weqatal of יעד in the Torah with a clear reciprocal sense. The reciprocal/Weqatal combination is attested in Amos 3:3 (נוֹעָדוּ). The Imperative and Infinitive Absolute of יעד in the Niphal have zero OT attestations.

### Middle / Stative

Perfect — Lev 4:14 — כְּנֽוֹדְעָ֥ה הַחַטָּ֖את

"…when the sin which they committed becomes known."

→ ידע Niphal Perfect 3fs; the Niphal of ידע describes the state of being made known — information that has come to light. This stative/passive shade is common in legal texts.

Imperfect — Num 12:14 — הֲלֹ֣א תִכָּלֵ֖ם שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים

"Should she not be ashamed seven days?"

→ כלם Niphal Imperfect 3fs; כָּלַם in the Niphal describes the internal state of shame — a middle/stative function. The verse describes Miriam's condition after God's rebuke.

Wayyiqtol — Gen 7:23 — וַיִּשָּׁ֧אֶר אַךְ־נֹ֛חַ

"Only Noah was left."

→ שאר Niphal Wayyiqtol 3ms; שָׁאַר in the Niphal describes the resultant state of having remained — middle/stative rather than active. The flood swept everything away; Noah's remaining is the end-state.

Participle — Gen 41:33 — אִ֥ישׁ נָב֣וֹן וְחָכָ֑ם

"…a discerning and wise man."

→ בין Niphal Participle ms; the Niphal participle of בִּין describes the settled state of discernment — it functions as an adjective meaning "intelligent, perceptive." Note the hollow root: the Niphal participle of בין is נָבוֹן (not נִבָן).

## 7. Conjugation Distribution (OT-wide)

Total Niphal tokens: 4,144

Conjugation | Count | % of all Niphal
--- | --- | ---
Perfect (qatal) | 1,088 | 27.0%
Imperfect (yiqtol) | 1,024 | 25.4%
Participle | 694 | 17.2%
Wayyiqtol | 443 | 11.0%
Weqatal | 328 | 8.1%
Infinitive Construct | 206 | 5.1%
Imperative | 118 | 2.9%
Jussive | 63 | 1.6%
Infinitive Absolute | 35 | 0.9%
Cohortative | 26 | 0.6%

> Teaching note: The Niphal shows a remarkably even split between Perfect and Imperfect (27% vs. 25%) — unlike the Qal which is heavily weighted toward Wayyiqtol. This reflects the Niphal's use across both narrative (passive events in the past) and legal/prophetic discourse (passive states in the present or future). The Participle is unusually high at 17% — the Niphal participle often functions as an attributive or predicate adjective (נִשְׁמָר, נָבוֹן, נֶחְמָד), which drives the count up relative to derived stems like the Piel.

## 8. Niphal-Dominant Roots (≥70% Niphal, ≥10 tokens)

These roots are rarely (or never) used in the Qal — the Niphal is their base meaning.

Root | Lemma | Niphal | Total | % | Core meaning
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
לחם | לָחַם | 167 | 177 | 94.4% | fight / do battle
שבע | שָׁבַע | 154 | 185 | 83.2% | take an oath
פלא | פָּלָא | 56 | 71 | 78.9% | be wonderful/extraordinary
יתר | יָתַר | 82 | 106 | 77.4% | be left over / remain
נבא | נָבָא | 87 | 115 | 75.7% | prophesy
שאר | שָׁאַר | 94 | 133 | 70.7% | be left / remain
שען | שָׁעַן | 22 | 22 | 100% | lean / rely on
מסס | מָסַס | 19 | 21 | 90.5% | melt / dissolve
אנח | אָנַח | 12 | 12 | 100% | groan / sigh

> For לחם, שבע, נבא, and שאר, students should simply memorize the Niphal as the default conjugation — a Qal form would be anomalous.

Sources: MACULA Hebrew WLC (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0) · BBH = Pratico & Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, 3rd ed.