# Chapter 27 — Hiphil Weak-Form Identification Drill

BBH Chapter 27 · Hiphil Weak Verbs

For each form: (1) identify the weak class, (2) parse (conjugation + PGN), (3) identify the root.

Class | Key diagnostic signal
--- | ---
I-guttural | הֶ prefix (perfect); composite shewa under R1; no dagesh in R1 throughout
III-ח/ע | Patach furtive before final ח/ע (open syllable); patach (not tsere) in wayyiqtol/imperative before final guttural
III-א | Silent final א; chiriq-yod before silent א (perfect/imperfect/inf.); tsere before silent א (wayyiqtol/imperative)
III-ה | Qamets + ה (perfect 3ms); seghol + ה (imperfect/participle); apocopated wayyiqtol (ה dropped); וֹת (inf. construct)
I-נ | Dagesh forte in R2 throughout entire paradigm; root נ invisible
I-י | הוֹ prefix (perfect/imperative/inf.); יוֹ/תּוֹ/אוֹ/נוֹ prefix (imperfect); וַיּוֹ (wayyiqtol); מוֹ (participle)
Biconsonantal | הֵ prefix (perfect); qamets under prefix consonant (imperfect/wayyiqtol); הָ prefix (imperative/inf. construct); מֵ prefix (participle ms)
Geminate | הֵ prefix (perfect); qamets under prefix (imperfect/wayyiqtol); הָ prefix (imperative/inf. construct); מֵ prefix (participle) — nearly identical to Biconsonantal; root identification (R2=R3) is the only reliable distinguisher

## Part A — By Class

Group 1 — I-guttural

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | הֶעֱמִיד | 1 Kgs 7:21 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · עָמַד — he set up; seghol under הֶ + hateph-seghol under ע are the twin I-guttural markers
2 | וַיַּעֲמֵד | 2 Chr 4:4 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · עָמַד — and he set it; patach prefix (standard Hiphil) + hateph-patach under ע + tsere final
3 | יַעֲמִיד | Psa 107:29 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · עָמַד — he causes to stand still; patach prefix + composite shewa under ע; no dagesh in R1
4 | הַעֲמֵד | Num 27:19 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · עָמַד — set him before; הַ + composite shewa under ע + tsere
5 | מַעֲמִיד | Neh 4:7 |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · עָמַד — one who stations; מַ + composite shewa under ע + chiriq

Group 2 — III-ח/ע

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
6 | הִשְׁמִיעַ | Isa 48:6 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · שָׁמַע — he caused to hear; patach furtive written below the chiriq-yod, before final ע
7 | וַיַּשְׁלַח | Gen 3:23 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · שָׁלַח — and he sent out; patach (not tsere) before final ח — guttural forces vowel lowering in the shortened wayyiqtol form
8 | יַשְׁמִיעַ | Isa 42:2 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · שָׁמַע — he will cause to hear; patach furtive before final ע in open syllable
9 | הַשְׁמַע | Deu 4:10 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · שָׁמַע — make them hear; patach before final ע (not tsere) — shortened form before guttural
10 | מַשְׁמִיעַ | Isa 41:26 |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · שָׁמַע — one who announces; מַ + chiriq-yod + patach furtive before final ע

Group 3 — III-א

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
11 | הִמְצִיא | Neh 9:15 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · מָצָא — he provided / caused to find; chiriq-yod + silent final א
12 | וַיַּמְצֵא | 2 Chr 2:13 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · מָצָא — and he provided; tsere + silent final א (standard Hiphil wayyiqtol vowel + silent R3)
13 | יַמְצִיא | Pro 8:35 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · מָצָא — he will cause to find; chiriq-yod + silent final א
14 | וַיַּקְרֵא | Gen 1:5 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · קָרָא — and he called; tsere + silent final א; one of the most frequent forms in Genesis 1
15 | מַקְרִיא | Neh 8:3 |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · קָרָא — one who reads aloud; מַ + chiriq-yod + silent final א

Group 4 — III-ה

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
16 | הֶעֱלָה | Gen 8:20 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · עָלָה — he offered up; qamets + ה ending; also I-guttural: seghol under הֶ + hateph-seghol under ע
17 | וַיַּעַל | Gen 22:2 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · עָלָה — and he went up / offered up; apocopated — ה dropped; short patach under R2 (ע)
18 | יַעֲלֶה | Lev 14:20 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · עָלָה — he shall offer up; seghol + ה ending; composite shewa under ע (I-guttural interaction)
19 | הַרְאֵה | Exo 33:18 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · רָאָה — show me; tsere + ה retained (not apocopated in imperative)
20 | לְהַעֲלוֹת | Exo 3:17 |  |  |  |
Inf. Construct · — · עָלָה — to bring up; ends in וֹת — the most reliable III-ה Hiphil inf. construct marker

Group 5 — I-נ

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
21 | הִפִּיל | Gen 2:21 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · נָפַל — he caused to fall; dagesh forte in R2 (פ) — נ has assimilated; root נָפַל
22 | וַיַּפֵּל | Gen 2:21 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · נָפַל — and he cast; patach prefix + dagesh in R2 (פ) + tsere final
23 | יַפִּיל | Pro 19:15 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · נָפַל — causes to fall; patach prefix + dagesh in R2 + chiriq
24 | הַגֵּשׁ | Gen 27:25 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · נָגַשׁ — bring near; הַ + dagesh forte in R2 (ג) + tsere
25 | מַגִּישׁ | Mal 1:7 |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · נָגַשׁ — one who brings near; מַ + dagesh in R2 + chiriq

Group 6 — I-י

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
26 | הוֹצִיא | Gen 15:7 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · יָצָא — he brought out; הוֹ prefix (holem-vav) — the signature I-י/ו Hiphil marker
27 | וַיּוֹצֵא | Gen 1:12 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · יָצָא — and it brought forth; וַיּוֹ prefix — dagesh in יּ + holem-vav
28 | יוֹרִיד | 1 Sam 2:6 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · יָרַד — he brings down; יוֹ prefix (holem-vav under imperfect prefix consonant)
29 | הוֹרֵד | Gen 42:38 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · יָרַד — bring down; הוֹ prefix (not הַ) + tsere final — distinguishes I-י from strong Hiphil imperative
30 | מוֹצִיא | Deu 8:14 |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · יָצָא — the one who brings out; מוֹ prefix (holem-vav under מ) — not מַ of the strong Hiphil

Group 7 — Biconsonantal

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
31 | הֵקִים | Gen 6:18 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · קוּם — he established; הֵ prefix (tsere) instead of הִ (hiriq) — the primary biconsonantal marker
32 | וַיָּקֶם | Gen 23:20 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · קוּם — and it was confirmed/set; qamets under prefix consonant + apocopated seghol final
33 | יָקִים | Deu 18:15 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · קוּם — he will raise up; qamets under prefix consonant (יָ) — not the patach of the strong Hiphil (יַ)
34 | הָקֵם | Exo 40:2 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · קוּם — set up; הָ prefix (qamets) + tsere; contrast with strong הַקְטֵל (patach prefix)
35 | מֵקִים | 1 Sam 2:8 |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · קוּם — one who raises up; מֵ prefix (tsere) — not מַ (patach) of the strong/most-weak-class Hiphil participle

Group 8 — Geminate

# | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
36 | הֵסֵב | 1 Kgs 21:4 |  |  |  |
Perfect · 3ms · סָבַב — he turned his face; הֵ prefix (tsere) — same as Biconsonantal הֵקִים; root ס-ב-ב has R2=R3 (Geminate)
37 | וַיָּסֶב | Josh 6:14 |  |  |  |
Wayyiqtol · 3ms · סָבַב — and they marched around; qamets under prefix + apocopated seghol final — same pattern as Biconsonantal וַיָּקֶם
38 | יָסֵב | Isa 44:20 |  |  |  |
Imperfect · 3ms · סָבַב — it leads astray; qamets under prefix consonant (יָ) — same as Biconsonantal יָקִים; root knowledge required to distinguish
39 | הָסֵב | 2 Sam 2:22 |  |  |  |
Imperative · 2ms · סָבַב — turn aside!; הָ prefix (qamets) — same as Biconsonantal הָקֵם; only root identity (ס-ב-ב vs. hollow) distinguishes
40 | מֵסֵב | (expected) |  |  |  |
Participle · ms · סָבַב — one who surrounds; מֵ prefix (tsere) — same as Biconsonantal מֵקִים; Geminate class requires root knowledge

## Part B — Mixed

Identify the weak class first, then parse fully.

# | Form | Reference | Weak class | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
41 | וַיַּשְׁמַע | 1 Sam 15:14 |  |  |  |  |
III-ח/ע · Wayyiqtol · 3ms · שָׁמַע — and he made heard; patach (not tsere) before final ע — guttural forces vowel lowering in shortened form
42 | הֵשִׂים | Gen 45:9 |  |  |  |  |
Biconsonantal · Perfect · 3ms · שִׂים — he made / placed; הֵ prefix (tsere) identifies biconsonantal Hiphil perfect; root שׂ-י-מ contains medial hireq-yod vowel letter = Biconsonantal
43 | וַיַּעַל | Gen 22:2 |  |  |  |  |
III-ה · Wayyiqtol · 3ms · עָלָה — and he went up / offered; apocopated: ה dropped, short patach under R2; also I-guttural interaction visible
44 | הִגִּישׁ | Amos 9:13 |  |  |  |  |
I-נ · Perfect · 3ms · נָגַשׁ — he drew near / brought near; dagesh forte in R2 (ג); hiriq prefix (הִ) + dagesh identifies I-נ Hiphil perfect
45 | הָסֵב | 2 Sam 5:23 |  |  |  |  |
Geminate · Imperative · 2ms · סָבַב — circle around behind them; הָ prefix (qamets) looks exactly like Biconsonantal הָקֵם; only root knowledge (ס-ב-ב has R2=R3) identifies it as Geminate
46 | הֶרְאָה | Exo 25:9 |  |  |  |  |
III-ה · Perfect · 3ms · רָאָה — he showed; qamets + ה ending; seghol under הֶ (guttural ר causes compensatory lengthening)
47 | וַיּוֹרֶד | Gen 42:38 |  |  |  |  |
I-י · Wayyiqtol · 3ms · יָרַד — and he brought down; וַיּוֹ prefix (dagesh in יּ + holem-vav) uniquely identifies I-י/ו Hiphil wayyiqtol
48 | מַעֲמִידִים | Neh 4:7 |  |  |  |  |
I-guttural · Participle · mp · עָמַד — those who station; מַ + composite shewa under ע + chiriq + ים plural ending
49 | הַמְצֵא | (†) |  |  |  |  |
III-א · Imperative · 2ms · מָצָא — cause to find; tsere + silent final א; הַ prefix (patach) — compare הִמְצִיא (perfect) which has hiriq under הִ
50 | וָאָקִים | Exo 6:4 |  |  |  |  |
Biconsonantal · Wayyiqtol · 1cs · קוּם — and I established; וָאָ prefix (1cs wayyiqtol) + qamets + chiriq-yod medial; "I also established my covenant with them"

## Discussion Questions

1. Compare הִמְצִיא (III-א perfect 3ms) and הַמְצֵא (III-א imperative 2ms). Both end with silent final א. How do you distinguish them? What is the key difference in the prefix vowel?
2. הַשְׁמַע (III-ח/ע imperative) and הַעֲמֵד (I-guttural imperative) both begin with הַ. How does the vowel under R1 differ? What does that tell you about the class?
3. וַיַּשְׁלַח (III-ח/ע wayyiqtol) and וַיַּקְרֵא (III-א wayyiqtol) both have patach under וַיַּ. The difference is in the final vowel. Explain what happens to the Hiphil tsere in each case and why.
4. Compare הוֹרֵד (I-י imperative 2ms) and הָקֵם (Biconsonantal imperative 2ms). Both have a long prefix vowel rather than the patach (הַ) of the strong Hiphil imperative. What prefix vowel does each use, and how can you tell them apart?
5. Items 36–40 (Geminate) and items 31–35 (Biconsonantal) share nearly identical vowel patterns in every conjugation: הֵ perfect, יָ/תָּ imperfect, הָ imperative, מֵ participle. What is the only reliable way to determine whether a Hiphil form belongs to the Geminate class or the Biconsonantal class? Why can the vocalization alone not always resolve this question?