# Ch22 Passage Exercise — Qal Participle (Active and Passive) in Context

*For each highlighted participle: (a) Active or Passive, (b) Root, (c) Root class, (d) Gender/Number, (e) Syntactic function (Attributive / Predicate / Substantive / Progressive / Occupational / Resultant state), (f) Gloss.*

---

## Passage 1 — Genesis 3:14 and 4:11 (Curse Formulas)

> וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל\-הַנָּחָ֔שׁ … **אָר֤וּר אַתָּה֙** מִכָּל\-הַבְּהֵמָ֔ה (Gen 3:14)
> וְעַתָּ֖ה **אָר֤וּר אָ֙תָּה֙** מִן\-הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה (Gen 4:11)

*"And the LORD God said to the serpent, '**Cursed are you** more than all livestock.'" (Gen 3:14)*
*"And now, **cursed are you** from the ground…" (Gen 4:11)*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | אָר֤וּר (Gen 3:14) | | | | | | |
| 2 | אָר֤וּר (Gen 4:11) | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 2 — Genesis 14:19 and 24:27 (Blessing Formulas)

> וַ/יְבָרֲכֵ֖הוּ וַ/יֹּאמַ֑ר **בָּר֤וּךְ אַבְרָם֙** לְאֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן (Gen 14:19)
> וַיֹּ֗אמֶר **בָּר֤וּךְ יְהוָה֙** אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֣י אַבְרָהָ֔ם (Gen 24:27)

*"He blessed him and said, '**Blessed be Abram** by God Most High.'" (Gen 14:19)*
*"…he said, '**Blessed be the LORD**, the God of my master Abraham.'" (Gen 24:27)*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | בָּר֤וּךְ (Gen 14:19) | | | | | | |
| 4 | בָּר֤וּךְ (Gen 24:27) | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 3 — Genesis 18:1 (Abraham at the Tent)

> וַיֵּרָ֤א אֵלָיו֙ יְהוָ֔ה … וְה֗וּא **יֹשֵׁ֤ב** פֶּֽתַח\-הָאֹ֙הֶל֙ כְּחֹ֣ם הַיּ֔וֹם

*"And the LORD appeared to him … while he was **sitting** at the entrance of the tent in the heat of the day."*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | יֹשֵׁ֤ב | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 4 — Genesis 4:9 (Am I My Brother's Keeper?)

> וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל\-קַ֔יִן אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑יךָ … הֲ**שֹׁמֵ֥ר** אָחִ֖י אָנֹֽכִי

*"And the LORD said to Cain, 'Where is Abel your brother?' … 'Am I my brother's **keeper**?'"*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | שֹׁמֵ֥ר | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 5 — Exodus 3:2 (The Burning Bush)

> וַיֵּרָ֨א מַלְאַ֤ךְ יְהוָה֙ אֵלָ֔יו בְּלַבַּת\-אֵ֖שׁ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַסְּנֶ֑ה וַיַּ֗רְא וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ **בֹּעֵ֣ר** בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל

*"…and behold, the bush was **burning** with fire, yet the bush was not consumed."*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | בֹּעֵ֣ר | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 6 — Exodus 6:6 (Outstretched Arm Formula)

> וְהוֹצֵאתִ֣י אֶתְכֶם֩ מִתַּ֨חַת סִבְלֹ֤ת מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ … בִּ/זְר֥וֹעַ **נְטוּיָ֖ה**

*"And I will bring you out from under the burdens of Egypt … with an **outstretched** arm."*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | נְטוּיָ֖ה | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 7 — Deuteronomy 9:10 (Tablets Written by God)

> וַיִּתֵּ֨ן יְהוָ֜ה אֵלַ֗י אֶת\-שְׁנֵ֛י לוּחֹ֥ת הָאֲבָנִ֖ים **כְּתֻבִ֣ים** בְּאֶצְבַּ֣ע אֱלֹהִ֑ים

*"And the LORD gave me the two stone tablets **written** with the finger of God."*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | כְּתֻבִ֣ים | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 8 — Numbers 2:17 (Levites in the Camp — "Camp of the Tabernacle")

> וְנָסַ֨ע אֹ֧הֶל מוֹעֵ֛ד מַחֲנֵ֥ה הַלְוִיִּ֖ם בְּת֣וֹךְ הַֽמַּחֲנֹ֑ת כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר יַחֲנ֛וּ כֵּ֥ן יִסָּ֖עוּ אִ֥ישׁ עַל\-יָד֖וֹ לְ**דִגְלֵיהֶ֥ם**

*"…as they camp, so they shall set out, each in his place by their standards."*

---

## Passage 9 — Leviticus 2:4–5 (Grain Offering — "Mixed with Oil")

> וְאִם\-קָרְבַּן֙ מִנְחָ֔ה מַאֲפֵ֣ה תַנּ֑וּר … חַלּ֥וֹת מַצּ֛וֹת **בְּלוּלֹ֥ת** בַּשֶּׁ֖מֶן

*"And if your offering is a grain offering baked in an oven … unleavened loaves **mixed** with oil."*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | בְּלוּלֹ֥ת | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 10 — Genesis 37:2 and Numbers 27:17 (Shepherd Substantives)

> וְיוֹסֵ֡ף הָיָ֣ה **רֹעֶ֩ה֩** אֶת\-אֶחָ֨יו (Gen 37:2)

> אֲשֶׁר\-יֵצֵ֣א לִפְנֵיהֶ֗ם … לְ֠מַעַן לֹא\-תִהְיֶ֞ה עֲדַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ כַּ**צֹּ֣אן** אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין\-לָהֶ֖ם רֹעֶ֖ה (Num 27:17)

*"Now Joseph was **shepherding** his brothers…" (Gen 37:2)*
*"…that the congregation of the LORD may not be as sheep that have no **shepherd**." (Num 27:17)*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | רֹעֶ֩ה (Gen 37:2) | | | | | | |
| 12 | רֹעֶ֖ה (Num 27:17) | | | | | | |

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## Passage 11 — Leviticus 25:25 (Kinsman-Redeemer)

> כִּֽי\-יָמ֣וּךְ אָחִ֔יךָ וּמָכַ֖ר מֵאֲחֻזָּת֑וֹ וּבָ֤א **גֹאֲל֔וֹ** הַקָּרֹ֥ב אֵלָ֖יו

*"If your brother becomes poor and sells part of his property, then his **redeemer**, the one near to him, shall come…"*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | גֹאֲל֔וֹ | | | | | | |

---

## Passage 12 — Numbers 14:14 (The LORD Among His People)

> וְשָׁמְע֖וּ אֶל\-יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֑את שָֽׁמְע֗וּ כִּי\-אַתָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ בְּקֶ֣רֶב הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה אֲשֶׁר\-עַ֨יִן בְּעַ֤יִן נִרְאָה֙ אַתָּ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה וַ/עֲנָנְךָ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד עֲלֵהֶ֔ם

*"…they have heard that you, LORD, are in the midst of this people … and your cloud **stands** over them."*

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | עֹמֵ֣ד | | | | | | |

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## Passage 13 — Genesis 12:1 (The Call of Abram)

> וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל\-אַבְרָ֔ם לֶךְ\-לְךָ֛ מֵאַרְצְךָ֥ … אֶל\-הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַרְאֶֽךָּ׃

*(Non-participle control item — see item 15 below for participle comparison)*

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## Passage 14 — Numbers 9:15 and Exodus 40:38 (Cloud Over the Tabernacle)

> וּבְי֗וֹם הָקִים֙ אֶת\-הַמִּשְׁכָּ֔ן כִּסָּ֤ה הֶֽעָנָן֙ אֶת\-הַמִּשְׁכָּ֔ן … וּבַלַּ֕יְלָה יִהְיֶ֥ה עָלָ֖יו כְּמַרְאֵה\-אֵ֑שׁ

*(Context for item 15)*

> כִּ֣י עֲנַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עַל\-הַמִּשְׁכָּ֣ן יוֹמָ֔ם וְאֵ֕שׁ תִּהְיֶ֥ה לַ֖יְלָה בּ֑וֹ לְעֵינֵ֥י כָל\-בֵּֽית\-יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּכָל\-מַסְעֵיהֶֽם׃

*(Exo 40:38)*

**Standalone forms — parse these:**

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Root Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | נֹתֵ֥ן (from the standard corpus) | | | | | | |
| 16 | יוֹשְׁבֵ֣י (from Num 14:14 above) | | | | | | |

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## Answer Key

### Passage 1 — Gen 3:14 / Gen 4:11

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | אָר֤וּר | Passive | ארר | Geminate | ms | Predicate | "you are cursed"; qamets + shureq (qatûl); stands as predicate of subject אַתָּה |
| 2 | אָר֤וּר | Passive | ארר | Geminate | ms | Predicate | same form and function in Cain's curse; fixed liturgical formula |

### Passage 2 — Gen 14:19 / Gen 24:27

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | בָּר֤וּךְ | Passive | ברך | Strong A | ms | Predicate | "blessed is Abram"; qamets + shureq; predicate of אַבְרָם |
| 4 | בָּר֤וּךְ | Passive | ברך | Strong A | ms | Predicate | "blessed is the LORD"; same form; blessing formula applied to God |

### Passage 3 — Gen 18:1

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | יֹשֵׁ֤ב | Active | ישב | I-י | ms | Predicate (circumstantial) | "sitting"; describes Abraham's ongoing state; circumstantial participle clause |

### Passage 4 — Gen 4:9

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | שֹׁמֵ֥ר | Active | שמר | Strong A | ms | Substantive | "keeper"; used as a noun in a verbless predicate clause; "Am I my brother's keeper?" |

### Passage 5 — Exo 3:2

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | בֹּעֵ֣ר | Active | בער | Strong A | ms | Predicate (attributive) | "burning"; describes ongoing state of the bush; circumstantial clause after וְהִנֵּה |

### Passage 6 — Exo 6:6

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | נְטוּיָ֖ה | Passive | נטה | III-ה | fs | Attributive | "outstretched"; modifies זְרוֹעַ (arm, fs); passive ptc. in fixed formula |

### Passage 7 — Deu 9:10

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | כְּתֻבִ֣ים | Passive | כתב | Strong A | mp | Attributive | "written"; agrees with לוּחֹת (tablets, mp); resultant state |

### Passage 9 — Lev 2:4–5

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | בְּלוּלֹ֥ת | Passive | בלל | Geminate | fp | Attributive | "mixed with oil"; agrees with חַלּוֹת (loaves, fp); shewa + shureq + וֹת |

### Passage 10 — Gen 37:2 / Num 27:17

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | רֹעֶ֩ה (Gen 37:2) | Active | רעה | III-ה | ms | Predicate (progressive) | "was shepherding"; describes Joseph's ongoing occupation; III-ה form (holem-waw + seghol + ה) |
| 12 | רֹעֶ֖ה (Num 27:17) | Active | רעה | III-ה | ms | Substantive | "shepherd"; used as a noun ("a shepherd they have not"); same form, different function |

### Passage 11 — Lev 25:25

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | גֹאֲל֔וֹ | Active | גאל | Strong A | ms + 3ms suffix | Substantive | "his redeemer"; active ptc. used as title + possessive suffix; kinsman-redeemer institution |

### Passage 12 — Num 14:14

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | עֹמֵ֣ד | Active | עמד | Strong A | ms | Predicate | "standing"; describes the ongoing presence of the cloud; I-gutt. (ע) prefix with chateph |

### Standalone Forms

| # | Form | Act./Pass. | Root | Class | G/N | Function | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | נֹתֵ֥ן | Active | נתן | I-נ | ms | Substantive — "giver / the one who gives"; nun retained; most common Torah active ptc. (53×) |
| 16 | יוֹשְׁבֵ֣י | Active | ישב | I-י | mp construct | Attributive/Substantive — "those who dwell in / inhabitants of"; mp construct (tsere-yod); I-י form |

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## Reflection Questions

1. In Genesis 4:9, Cain uses the active participle שֹׁמֵ֥ר ("keeper") as a substantive in a rhetorical question. How does the participle's dual nature as both verb (ongoing action) and noun (title) enrich the meaning of "Am I my brother's keeper?"

2. Compare the passive participles אָר֤וּר ("cursed") and בָּר֤וּךְ ("blessed") in Genesis 3–4 and 14. Both are predicate participles in verbless clauses. What does it mean theologically that these states (blessed/cursed) are expressed as participles rather than finite verbs?

3. In Genesis 37:2 and Numbers 27:17, the same form רֹעֶ֖ה (III-ה active ptc.) is used first as a predicate participle (Joseph was shepherding) and then as a substantive noun (a shepherd). How does context determine which function is active in each case?
