# "Weak-Form Identification Drill" — Exercise

*BBH Chapter 29 · Hophal Weak Verbs*

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## Instructions

**Part A:** Forms are grouped by weak class (5 per class, 6 groups = 30 items total). For each, identify: conjugation, PGN, root.
**Part B:** Forms are mixed. Identify: weak class first, then conjugation, PGN, root.

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## Part A — By Class

### Group 1: I-yod / I-vav

| # | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | הוּרַד | Gen 39:1 | | | |
| 2 | יוּרַד | Gen 44:29 | | | |
| 3 | הוּבָא | Lev 4:4 | | | |
| 4 | הוּבְאוּ | Gen 43:18 | | | |
| 5 | מוּבָאִים | Gen 43:18 | | | |

### Group 2: Biconsonantal (Hollow)

| # | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | הוּקַם | Exo 40:17 | | | |
| 7 | יוּמַת | Gen 26:11 | | | |
| 8 | הוּסַר | Lev 4:31 | | | |
| 9 | הוּשַׁב | Gen 42:28 | | | |
| 10 | יּוּשַׂם | Gen 24:33 | | | |

### Group 3: I-nun

| # | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | וַיֻּגַּד | Gen 22:20 | | | |
| 12 | יֻּגַּד | Gen 38:13 | | | |
| 13 | יֻּכּוּ | Exo 5:14 | | | |
| 14 | יֻּתַּן | Lev 11:38 | | | |
| 15 | יֻּקַּם | Gen 4:15 | | | |

### Group 4: III-he

| # | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | הֻגְלָה | Amos 1:5 | | | |
| 17 | הֻגְלוּ | Jer 29:1 | | | |
| 18 | מוּכָּה | Deut 28:27 | | | |
| 19 | יֻּכֶּה | Exo 21:20 | | | |
| 20 | הֻלַּד | Exo 1:22 | | | |

### Group 5: I-guttural

| # | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | הוּחַל | Gen 4:26 | | | |
| 22 | יָחֳרַם | Ezr 10:8 | | | |
| 23 | הֻחְלָה | 1 Sam 21:6 | | | |
| 24 | הֻאֲמַן | 2 Chr 9:8 | | | |
| 25 | יֶֽחֱטָא | Num 15:28 | | | |

### Group 6: Geminate

| # | Form | Reference | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 | הוּסַב | 2 Sam 3:12 | | | |
| 27 | מוּסַבּוֹת | Num 32:38 | | | |
| 28 | הֻסַּב | 1 Kgs 2:15 | | | |
| 29 | יֻּתַּם | 2 Sam 20:18 | | | |
| 30 | יֻּכַּל | Num 13:30 | | | |

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## Part B — Mixed (identify weak class first)

| # | Form | Reference | Weak class | Conjugation | PGN | Root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 | הוּבָא | Gen 33:11 | | | | |
| 32 | יֻּגַּד | Gen 48:2 | | | | |
| 33 | יוּמַת | Lev 20:2 | | | | |
| 34 | הֻגְלוּ | 2 Kgs 17:23 | | | | |
| 35 | הוּקַם | Num 7:1 | | | | |
| 36 | הוּסַר | Lev 6:4 | | | | |
| 37 | יֻּכּוּ | Num 14:12 | | | | |
| 38 | הוּרַד | 1 Sam 30:24 | | | | |
| 39 | הוּחַל | Gen 4:26 | | | | |
| 40 | הוּסַב | Josh 15:3 | | | | |

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## Answer Key — Part A

| # | Form | Conjugation | PGN | Root | Diagnostic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | הוּרַד | Perfect | 3ms | יָרַד | שׁוּרֶק prefix (הוּ) — I-yod/vav Hophal marker; R1 י quiesces |
| 2 | יוּרַד | Imperfect | 3ms | יָרַד | שׁוּרֶק under imperfect prefix (יוּ) — I-yod/vav Hophal |
| 3 | הוּבָא | Perfect | 3ms | בּוֹא | הוּ prefix; hollow/I-vav root: בּוֹא (I-vav, biconsonantal) |
| 4 | הוּבְאוּ | Perfect | 3cp | בּוֹא | הוּ prefix + וּ plural ending; I-vav root |
| 5 | מוּבָאִים | Participle | mp | בּוֹא | מוּ prefix (שׁוּרֶק under מ) — I-vav/yod Hophal participle; ים plural |
| 6 | הוּקַם | Perfect | 3ms | קוּם | הוּ prefix; hollow biconsonantal root (medial וּ) |
| 7 | יוּמַת | Imperfect | 3ms | מוּת | יוּ prefix — biconsonantal Hophal imperfect; hollow root מוּת |
| 8 | הוּסַר | Perfect | 3ms | סוּר | הוּ prefix; hollow root סוּר; "it was removed" |
| 9 | הוּשַׁב | Perfect | 3ms | שׁוּב | הוּ prefix; hollow root שׁוּב; "it was returned" |
| 10 | יּוּשַׂם | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | שִׂים | יּוּ prefix (wayyiqtol) — dagesh in יּ + שׁוּרֶק; hollow/biconsonantal |
| 11 | וַיֻּגַּד | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | נָגַד | קִבּוּץ prefix (וַיֻּ) + dagesh forte in ג — I-nun: נ has assimilated |
| 12 | יֻּגַּד | Imperfect | 3ms | נָגַד | קִבּוּץ under prefix (יֻּ) + dagesh in R2 — I-nun pattern |
| 13 | יֻּכּוּ | Wayyiqtol | 3mp | נָכָה | קִבּוּץ prefix + dagesh in R2 (כּ) + וּ plural ending; I-nun; III-he |
| 14 | יֻּתַּן | Imperfect | 3ms | נָתַן | קִבּוּץ prefix + dagesh in R2 (תּ) — I-nun; also I-nun of נָתַן causes R3 dagesh via geminate assimilation |
| 15 | יֻּקַּם | Imperfect | 3ms | נָקַם | קִבּוּץ prefix + dagesh in R2 (קּ) — I-nun: נ of נָקַם has assimilated |
| 16 | הֻגְלָה | Perfect | 3ms | גָּלָה | קִבּוּץ under הֻ + III-he ה ending (qamets + he) |
| 17 | הֻגְלוּ | Perfect | 3cp | גָּלָה | קִבּוּץ under הֻ + וּ plural ending (III-he 3cp Qatal pattern) |
| 18 | מוּכָּה | Participle | fs | נָכָה | מוּ prefix; III-he: ה ending; also I-nun marker (dagesh in R2 כּ) |
| 19 | יֻּכֶּה | Imperfect | 3ms | נָכָה | קִבּוּץ prefix + dagesh in R2 + III-he seghol-he ending |
| 20 | הֻלַּד | Perfect | 3ms | יָלַד | קִבּוּץ under הֻ + dagesh in R2 (לּ); I-yod (יָלַד) with assimilation of ל? No — root is יָלַד; the dagesh in ל results from the I-yod Hophal behavior treating the yod as quiescent; compare Hophal of יָלַד |
| 21 | הוּחַל | Perfect | 3ms | חָלַל | הוּ prefix; I-guttural: ח takes compound shewa (or full vowel) — "it was begun/profaned" |
| 22 | יָחֳרַם | Imperfect | 3ms | חָרַם | I-guttural: hateph-qamets under ח (יָ + חֳ); "it will be forfeited/devoted" |
| 23 | הֻחְלָה | Perfect | 3fs | חָלָה | קִבּוּץ under הֻ + shewa under guttural + III-he ending (ה) |
| 24 | הֻאֲמַן | Perfect | 3ms | אָמַן | קִבּוּץ under הֻ + hateph-patach under א (I-aleph guttural); "he was found faithful" |
| 25 | יֶֽחֱטָא | Imperfect | 3ms | חָטָא | I-guttural: hateph-seghol under ח; III-aleph ending; "he will be pardoned/cleansed" |
| 26 | הוּסַב | Perfect | 3ms | סָבַב | הוּ prefix; geminate root ס-ב-ב (R2=R3); "it was turned/brought around" |
| 27 | מוּסַבּוֹת | Participle | fp | סָבַב | מוּ prefix + dagesh in R3 (בּ) — geminate dagesh; feminine plural |
| 28 | הֻסַּב | Perfect | 3ms | סָבַב | קִבּוּץ + dagesh in R2 (סּ) — geminate contraction form; alternate to הוּסַב |
| 29 | יֻּתַּם | Imperfect | 3ms | תָּמַם | קִבּוּץ + dagesh in R2 — geminate root ת-מ-מ; "it will be completed/finished" |
| 30 | יֻּכַּל | Imperfect | 3ms | כָּלַל | קִבּוּץ + dagesh in R2 (כּ) — geminate root כ-ל-ל; "it will be able/completed" |

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## Answer Key — Part B

| # | Form | Weak class | Conjugation | PGN | Root | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 | הוּבָא | I-vav / Biconsonantal | Perfect | 3ms | בּוֹא | הוּ prefix; root בּוֹא is I-vav and hollow |
| 32 | יֻּגַּד | I-nun | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | נָגַד | קִבּוּץ + dagesh in R2 (ג); נ assimilated |
| 33 | יוּמַת | Biconsonantal | Imperfect | 3ms | מוּת | יוּ prefix — hollow biconsonantal; root מוּת |
| 34 | הֻגְלוּ | III-he | Perfect | 3cp | גָּלָה | קִבּוּץ under הֻ + וּ plural (III-he 3cp) |
| 35 | הוּקַם | Biconsonantal | Perfect | 3ms | קוּם | הוּ prefix; hollow root קוּם |
| 36 | הוּסַר | Biconsonantal | Perfect | 3ms | סוּר | הוּ prefix; hollow root סוּר; "it was removed" |
| 37 | יֻּכּוּ | I-nun | Wayyiqtol | 3mp | נָכָה | קִבּוּץ + dagesh in כּ; III-he; וּ plural ending |
| 38 | הוּרַד | I-yod | Perfect | 3ms | יָרַד | הוּ prefix; R1 = י (quiescent); "he was brought down" |
| 39 | הוּחַל | I-guttural | Perfect | 3ms | חָלַל | הוּ prefix; guttural ח opens syllable; "it was begun" |
| 40 | הוּסַב | Geminate | Perfect | 3ms | סָבַב | הוּ prefix; R2=R3 in root ס-ב-ב; contrast: biconsonantal roots end in שׁוּרֶק vowel-letter, geminate do not |

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## Discussion Questions

**1.** The I-yod/I-vav Hophal (e.g., הוּרַד, הוּבָא) and the Biconsonantal (hollow) Hophal (e.g., הוּקַם, הוּסַר) both use שׁוּרֶק as the prefix vowel. What phonological principle explains why *both* classes abandon the usual קִבּוּץ prefix of the strong Hophal? What happens to R1 in each class?

**2.** Compare וַיֻּגַּד (I-nun Hophal wayyiqtol, item 11) and יֻּכּוּ (I-nun Hophal, item 13). Both have dagesh forte in R2. What caused that dagesh? What happened to the נ of each root? Does anything else unusual happen to the form יֻּכּוּ beyond the I-nun assimilation?

**3.** Items 16–17 (הֻגְלָה / הֻגְלוּ) and items 18–19 (מוּכָּה / יֻּכֶּה) all come from III-he roots. How does the III-he ending manifest in the Hophal perfect 3ms vs. 3cp? How does it appear in the participle vs. imperfect?

**4.** Items 26 and 28 (הוּסַב and הֻסַּב) are both Hophal forms of the same geminate root סָבַב but have different prefix vowels. What accounts for this variation? How do you distinguish the Geminate Hophal from the Biconsonantal Hophal when both may display שׁוּרֶק?

**5.** Write out the Hophal paradigm for מוּת (Biconsonantal hollow): Perfect 3ms, Imperfect 3ms, Wayyiqtol 3ms, Participle ms. For each form, identify the prefix vowel and explain how it differs from the strong Hophal (הֻקְטַל pattern).
