# Hiphil Weak Verbs — I-guttural (Pe-Guttural) Paradigms

Full conjugation tables for Pe-Guttural roots in the Hiphil stem.
Representative roots: עָמַד (to stand → Hiphil: set up, station) and עָזַר (to help).
Each section shows the strong root (קטל) alongside the weak paradigm for direct comparison.
Attested forms drawn from MACULA Hebrew WLC.

## Perfect (Qatal)

### The Pattern

The I-guttural does NOT affect the Hiphil perfect. The הִ prefix vowel (hiriq) stands normally. The guttural takes hateph-seghol (or hateph-patach for ח/ע) in place of a simple shewa, because gutturals prefer a/e-class vowels under them. Note that before א the hiriq of הִ often shifts to seghol (הֶ) to harmonize with the hateph-seghol under א: הֶעֱמִיד (but: הֶעֱזַרְתִּי uses seghol throughout).

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד) | I-guttural (עזר)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | הִקְטִיל | הֶעֱמִיד | הֶעֱזִיר
3fs | הִקְטִילָה | הֶעֱמִידָה | הֶעֱזִירָה
3cp | הִקְטִילוּ | הֶעֱמִידוּ | הֶעֱזִירוּ
2ms | הִקְטַלְתָּ | הֶעֱמַדְתָּ | הֶעֱזַרְתָּ
2fs | הִקְטַלְתְּ | הֶעֱמַדְתְּ | הֶעֱזַרְתְּ
2mp | הִקְטַלְתֶּם | הֶעֱמַדְתֶּם | הֶעֱזַרְתֶּם
2fp | הִקְטַלְתֶּן | הֶעֱמַדְתֶּן | הֶעֱזַרְתֶּן
1cs | הִקְטַלְתִּי | הֶעֱמַדְתִּי | הֶעֱזַרְתִּי
1cp | הִקְטַלְנוּ | הֶעֱמַדְנוּ | הֶעֱזַרְנוּ

> Key: Seghol under הֶ (not hiriq) + hateph-seghol under ע — these two small vowels together identify a Pe-Guttural Hiphil perfect.

Attested passages:
- הֶעֱמִיד (1 Kgs 7:21) — "he erected the pillars at the portico of the temple"
- הֶעֱמַדְתִּי (Exo 9:16) — "but for this purpose I have raised you up"
- הֶעֱזַרְתָּ (Job 26:2) — "how you have helped him who has no power"

## Imperfect (Yiqtol)

### The Pattern

In the imperfect, the strong Hiphil has patach under the prefix (יַקְטִיל). When R1 is a guttural, a composite shewa (hateph-patach for ע; hateph-seghol for א) replaces the simple shewa that would stand under R1 in the strong root. The prefix vowel patach remains (יַ). No dagesh appears in R1 (gutturals reject dagesh).

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד) | I-guttural (עזר)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | יַקְטִיל | יַעֲמִיד | יַעֲזִיר
3fs | תַּקְטִיל | תַּעֲמִיד | תַּעֲזִיר
3mp | יַקְטִילוּ | יַעֲמִידוּ | יַעֲזִירוּ
3fp | תַּקְטֵלְנָה | תַּעֲמֵדְנָה | תַּעֲזֵרְנָה
2ms | תַּקְטִיל | תַּעֲמִיד | תַּעֲזִיר
2fs | תַּקְטִילִי | תַּעֲמִידִי | תַּעֲזִירִי
2mp | תַּקְטִילוּ | תַּעֲמִידוּ | תַּעֲזִירוּ
2fp | תַּקְטֵלְנָה | תַּעֲמֵדְנָה | תַּעֲזֵרְנָה
1cs | אַקְטִיל | אַעֲמִיד | אַעֲזִיר
1cp | נַקְטִיל | נַעֲמִיד | נַעֲזִיר

> Key: Patach under prefix (יַ/תַּ/אַ/נַ) as in the strong form, but hateph-patach (not simple shewa) under ע — no dagesh in R1.

Attested passages:
- יַעֲמִיד (Psa 107:29) — "he made the storm be still … and its waves were hushed"
- תַּעֲמִידֵנִי (Psa 41:13) — "you uphold me in my integrity"
- אַעֲמִיד (Neh 7:3) — "I will station guards at the gates of Jerusalem"

## Wayyiqtol

### The Pattern

The Hiphil wayyiqtol strong form is וַיַּקְטֵל (prefix patach + final tsere). For Pe-Guttural roots, the prefix patach (וַיַּ) remains, and the guttural takes hateph-patach as in the imperfect. The final tsere is standard Hiphil wayyiqtol behavior.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד) | I-guttural (עזר)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּעֲמֵד | וַיַּעֲזֵר
3fs | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתַּעֲמֵד | וַתַּעֲזֵר
3mp | וַיַּקְטִילוּ | וַיַּעֲמִידוּ | וַיַּעֲזִירוּ
2ms | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתַּעֲמֵד | וַתַּעֲזֵר
1cs | וָאַקְטֵל | וָאַעֲמֵד | וָאַעֲזֵר
1cp | וַנַּקְטֵל | וַנַּעֲמֵד | וַנַּעֲזֵר

> Key: וַיַּ prefix (standard Hiphil wayyiqtol) + hateph-patach under ע; tsere in final syllable.

Attested passages:
- וַיַּעֲמֵד (2 Chr 4:4) — "and he set it [the sea] on twelve oxen"
- וַיַּעֲמִידֵם (2 Chr 11:11) — "he stationed commanders in them"

## Weqatal

### The Pattern

Weqatal = וְ + perfect. The Pe-Guttural perfect is identical to the pattern shown above; no additional change.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד)
--- | --- | ---
3ms | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהֶעֱמִיד
3fs | וְהִקְטִילָה | וְהֶעֱמִידָה
2ms | וְהִקְטַלְתָּ | וְהֶעֱמַדְתָּ
1cs | וְהִקְטַלְתִּי | וְהֶעֱמַדְתִּי

> Key: Same as perfect but with וְ prefix; identifies sequential future context.

## Imperative

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil imperative 2ms is הַקְטֵל (patach under הַ + tsere final). For Pe-Guttural roots, the patach under הַ remains; the guttural takes hateph-patach (ע) or hateph-seghol (א); no dagesh in R1. The final tsere is unchanged.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד) | I-guttural (עזר)
--- | --- | --- | ---
2ms | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲמֵד | הַעֲזֵר
2fs | הַקְטִילִי | הַעֲמִידִי | הַעֲזִירִי
2mp | הַקְטִילוּ | הַעֲמִידוּ | הַעֲזִירוּ
2fp | הַקְטֵלְנָה | הַעֲמֵדְנָה | הַעֲזֵרְנָה

> Key: הַ prefix + hateph-patach under ע (vs. simple shewa in strong root) + tsere in 2ms.

Attested passages:
- הַעֲמֵד (Num 27:19) — "set him before Eleazar the priest"
- הַעֲזֵר (Psa 109:26) — "help me, O LORD my God"

## Infinitive Construct

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil inf. construct is הַקְטִיל (patach under הַ + chiriq final). For Pe-Guttural roots, hateph-patach under the guttural; otherwise identical pattern.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד)
--- | --- | ---
Base | הַקְטִיל | הַעֲמִיד
With לְ | לְהַקְטִיל | לְהַעֲמִיד
With בְּ | בְּהַקְטִיל | בְּהַעֲמִיד

> Key: Patach under הַ + composite shewa under ע + chiriq final — all three markers present.

Attested passages:
- לְהַעֲמִיד (2 Chr 11:22) — "to make [him] king in his place"
- בְּהַעֲמִיד (Neh 13:11) — "when I stationed them at their posts"

## Infinitive Absolute

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil inf. absolute is הַקְטֵל (patach + tsere). Pe-Guttural roots follow the same pattern with hateph-patach under the guttural.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד)
--- | --- | ---
Standard | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲמֵד

> Key: Identical to the imperative 2ms form; context (no direct object noun; precedes or follows a finite verb) distinguishes it.

## Participle

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil participle ms is מַקְטִיל (מַ prefix + chiriq). For Pe-Guttural roots, hateph-patach under the guttural; מַ prefix and chiriq are unchanged.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד) | I-guttural (עזר)
--- | --- | --- | ---
ms | מַקְטִיל | מַעֲמִיד | מַעֲזִיר
fs | מַקְטֶלֶת | מַעֲמֶדֶת | מַעֲזֶרֶת
mp | מַקְטִילִים | מַעֲמִידִים | מַעֲזִירִים
fp | מַקְטִילוֹת | מַעֲמִידוֹת | מַעֲזִירוֹת

> Key: מַ prefix + composite shewa under ע (not simple shewa) + chiriq — three markers in one glance.

Attested passages:
- מַעֲמִיד (Neh 4:7) — "the one who stations [them] at the place"
- מַעֲזְרִים (2 Chr 26:7) — "they helped him against the Philistines"

## Summary — I-guttural Hiphil at a Glance

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-guttural (עמד) | Key feature
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הֶעֱמִיד | Seghol under הֶ; hateph-seghol under ע
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַעֲמִיד | Patach prefix; hateph-patach under ע; no dagesh
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּעֲמֵד | Patach + composite shewa; tsere final
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהֶעֱמִיד | וְ + perfect form
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲמֵד | הַ + composite shewa + tsere (2ms)
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַעֲמִיד | הַ + composite shewa + chiriq
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַעֲמֵד | Same as imperative 2ms
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַעֲמִיד | מַ + composite shewa + chiriq