# Qal Perfect — Geminate (Ayin-Doubled) Paradigms

Full inflection tables for geminate (II=III) roots in the Qal Perfect.

## Geminate: סָבַב (turn, surround)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | סָבַב | Qamets-patach-patach; R2 and R3 are both ב
3fs | סָבְבָה | Shewa under R1; both ב visible
2ms | סַבֹּ֫תָ | Dagesh forte in R2 (= R3); distinctive vowel
2fs | סַבֹּת | Same pattern
1cs | סַבֹּ֫תִי |
3cp | סָבְבוּ | Shewa under R1; both ב visible
2mp | סַבֹּתֶם | Dagesh forte in ב
2fp | סַבֹּתֶן |
1cp | סַבֹּ֫נוּ |

> Key: In the 3ms/3fs/3cp, both root consonants appear (R2 and R3 are visible as a
> doubled letter). In suffix forms (2ms, 1cs, etc.), dagesh forte appears in the doubled
> consonant, and the vowel pattern shifts (often to holem or patach + dagesh).

## Geminate: תָּמַם (be complete, finish)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | תָּמַם | Qamets-patach-patach; both מ visible
3fs | תָּמְמָה | Shewa under R1
2ms | תַּמֹּ֫תָ | Dagesh forte in second מ
2fs | תַּמֹּת |
1cs | תַּמֹּ֫תִי |
3cp | תָּמְמוּ | Both מ visible
2mp | תַּמֹּתֶם |
1cp | תַּמֹּ֫נוּ |

## Geminate vs. Biconsonantal — Comparison

Both classes show a short-looking root; both may have qamets in the 3ms. The key
differences:

Feature | Geminate (סָבַב) | Biconsonantal (קָם)
--- | --- | ---
3ms form | Two root consonants visible: סָבַב | One root consonant visible: קָם
3fs form | Both consonants: סָבְבָה | One consonant: קָמָה
Suffix forms | Dagesh forte in R2 | Patach, no dagesh in root
Root structure | R2 = R3 (same letter repeated) | R2 = vowel letter (ו or י)

> Distinguishing rule: If the final root consonant appears twice (with dagesh forte
> in suffix forms), it is Geminate. If there is only one final root consonant (monosyllabic
> 3ms, no dagesh in root), it is Biconsonantal.

## Strong Paradigm — Comparison

Person | Strong (קָטַל) | Geminate (סָבַב) | Geminate (תָּמַם) | Biconsonantal (קָם)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | קָטַל | סָבַב | תָּמַם | קָם
3fs | קָטְלָה | סָבְבָה | תָּמְמָה | קָמָה
2ms | קָטַלְתָּ | סַבֹּתָ | תַּמֹּתָ | קַמְתָּ
2fs | קָטַלְתְּ | סַבֹּת | תַּמֹּת | קַמְתְּ
1cs | קָטַלְתִּי | סַבֹּתִי | תַּמֹּתִי | קַמְתִּי
3cp | קָטְלוּ | סָבְבוּ | תָּמְמוּ | קָמוּ
2mp | קְטַלְתֶּם | סַבֹּתֶם | תַּמֹּתֶם | קַמְתֶּם