# Qal Perfect — Biconsonantal (II-י/ו) Paradigms

Full inflection tables for biconsonantal (hollow) roots in the Qal Perfect.
The middle vowel letter (ו or י) characterizes all forms.

## Biconsonantal: קוּם (rise, stand up)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | קָם | Qamets under R1; shureq (long ū) → shortens to qamets hatuf in some analyses; usually transcribed qam
3fs | קָ֫מָה | Qamets under R1 + ָה- ending
2ms | קַ֫מְתָּ | Patach under R1; no middle vowel letter in suffix forms
2fs | קַ֫מְתְּ |
1cs | קַ֫מְתִּי |
3cp | קָ֫מוּ | Qamets + -וּ
2mp | קַמְתֶּם | Patach
2fp | קַמְתֶּן |
1cp | קַ֫מְנוּ | Patach

> Key: In the 3ms/3fs/3cp, the form shows qamets under R1 alone — there is no R2
> consonant to follow it. In suffix forms (2ms, 1cs, 2mp, etc.), the middle vowel disappears
> entirely and patach stands under R1.

## Biconsonantal: שׁוּב (return)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | שָׁב | Qamets under ש; no shureq in the perfect 3ms (contrast imperfect)
3fs | שָׁ֫בָה | Qamets + ָה-
2ms | שַׁ֫בְתָּ | Patach under ש in suffix forms
2fs | שַׁ֫בְתְּ |
1cs | שַׁ֫בְתִּי |
3cp | שָׁ֫בוּ | Qamets + -וּ
2mp | שַׁבְתֶּם |
1cp | שַׁ֫בְנוּ |

## Biconsonantal: בּוֹא (come, go)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | בָּא | Qamets under ב; aleph at R3 (III-א + Biconsonantal)
3fs | בָּ֫אָה | Qamets + aleph + ָה-
2ms | בָּ֫את | Qamets + aleph + ת (R3 aleph merges with ת suffix)
2fs | בָּ֫את | Same as 2ms (monosyllabic)
1cs | בָּ֫אתִי |
3cp | בָּ֫אוּ | Qamets + aleph + -וּ
2mp | בָּ֫אתֶם |
1cp | בָּ֫אנוּ |

> Note on בּוֹא: This root is both biconsonantal and III-א. The aleph at R3 is present
> throughout the paradigm but largely silent (quiescent). The forms are highly regular once
> this is understood.

## Strong Paradigm — Comparison

Person | Strong (קָטַל) | Bicons. (קָם) | Bicons. (שָׁב) | Bicons. (בָּא)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | קָטַל | קָם | שָׁב | בָּא
3fs | קָטְלָה | קָמָה | שָׁבָה | בָּאָה
2ms | קָטַלְתָּ | קַמְתָּ | שַׁבְתָּ | בָּאתָ
2fs | קָטַלְתְּ | קַמְתְּ | שַׁבְתְּ | בָּאת
1cs | קָטַלְתִּי | קַמְתִּי | שַׁבְתִּי | בָּאתִי
3cp | קָטְלוּ | קָמוּ | שָׁבוּ | בָּאוּ
2mp | קְטַלְתֶּם | קַמְתֶּם | שַׁבְתֶּם | בָּאתֶם
1cp | קָטַלְנוּ | קַמְנוּ | שַׁבְנוּ | בָּאנוּ

> Summary: The 3ms/3fs/3cp forms are monosyllabic (one consonant + one vowel).
> Suffix forms add a patach under R1 and attach the normal suffix consonants directly.
> There is no R2 consonant visible in any form.