# Qal Imperfect — I-נ and I-י Paradigms

Full inflection tables for I-נ (Pe-Nun) and I-י (Pe-Yod) roots in the Qal Imperfect.
Both classes show dramatic changes here — contrast with the largely regular Perfect (Ch14).

## Part 1 — I-נ (Pe-Nun): נָתַן (give)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | יִתֵּן | Nun assimilated → dagesh forte in ת; tsere under prefix syllable
3fs | תִּתֵּן | Same pattern
2ms | תִּתֵּן | Identical to 3fs
2fs | תִּתְּנִי | Shewa under ת before suffix; dagesh in ת
1cs | אֶתֵּן | Aleph prefix
3mp | יִתְּנוּ | Shewa + dagesh in ת; -וּ
3fp | תִּתֵּ֫נָה | Full form with נָה
2mp | תִּתְּנוּ |
1cp | נִתֵּן | Nun prefix; watch for potential confusion with root nun
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיִּתֵּן | Waw-consecutive + short form (same as long for I-נ)

> Key: The nun at R1 has assimilated entirely into R2 by dagesh forte. The form
> יִתֵּן looks like it has only two root consonants (ת and ן). Recognizing the dagesh forte
> in R2 as the trace of the assimilated nun is the diagnostic skill for this class.

## Part 1b — I-נ (Pe-Nun): נָפַל (fall)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | יִפֹּל | Nun assimilated → dagesh forte in פ; holem
3fs | תִּפֹּל |
2ms | תִּפֹּל |
2fs | תִּפְּלִי | Dagesh in פ; shewa before suffix
1cs | אֶפֹּל |
3mp | יִפְּלוּ | Dagesh in פ
1cp | נִפֹּל |
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיִּפֹּל |

> Note: The vowel in the root syllable (holem for נָפַל; tsere for נָתַן) follows
> the verb class of the root, not a universal rule. נָפַל is A-class (action verb); the
> holem under the prefix-R2 syllable reflects the holem thematic vowel.

## Part 2 — I-י (Pe-Yod): יָלַד (give birth, beget)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | יֵלֵד | Tsere under prefix (not hireq); yod R1 absent
3fs | תֵּלֵד |
2ms | תֵּלֵד |
2fs | תֵּלְדִי | Tsere prefix; shewa under R2 before suffix
1cs | אֵלֵד | Aleph prefix; tsere
3mp | יֵלְדוּ | Tsere prefix; shewa under R2
3fp | תֵּלֵ֫דְנָה |
2mp | תֵּלְדוּ |
1cp | נֵלֵד | Nun prefix; tsere
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיֵּלֶד | Tsere prefix + waw-consecutive; seghol in root (short form)

> Key: The yod at R1 contracts with the prefix vowel to produce tsere. The prefix
> appears as a single long vowel (tsere) under the prefix consonant, with no yod visible.
> The Wayyiqtol 3ms shows the short form: tsere prefix + seghol in the root syllable.

## Part 2b — I-י (Pe-Yod): יָדַע (know)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | יֵדַע | Tsere prefix; III-ע also (patach under R2)
3fs | תֵּדַע |
2ms | תֵּדַע |
2fs | תֵּדְעִי |
1cs | אֵדַע | Aleph prefix; tsere
3mp | יֵדְעוּ |
1cp | נֵדַע |
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיֵּדַע |

## Part 2c — I-י (Pe-Yod): יָשַׁב (sit, dwell)

Person | Form | Notes
--- | --- | ---
3ms | יֵשֵׁב | Tsere prefix; tsere under R2 (stative class)
3fs | תֵּשֵׁב |
2ms | תֵּשֵׁב |
2fs | תֵּשְׁבִי | Tsere prefix; shewa under ש
1cs | אֵשֵׁב |
3mp | יֵשְׁבוּ |
1cp | נֵשֵׁב |
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיֵּ֫שֶׁב | Short form; seghol in root

## Comparison Table

Person | Strong (יִקְטֹל) | I-נ (יִתֵּן) | I-נ (יִפֹּל) | I-י (יֵלֵד) | I-י (יֵשֵׁב)
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | יִקְטֹל | יִתֵּן | יִפֹּל | יֵלֵד | יֵשֵׁב
3fs | תִּקְטֹל | תִּתֵּן | תִּפֹּל | תֵּלֵד | תֵּשֵׁב
2ms | תִּקְטֹל | תִּתֵּן | תִּפֹּל | תֵּלֵד | תֵּשֵׁב
2fs | תִּקְטְלִי | תִּתְּנִי | תִּפְּלִי | תֵּלְדִי | תֵּשְׁבִי
1cs | אֶקְטֹל | אֶתֵּן | אֶפֹּל | אֵלֵד | אֵשֵׁב
3mp | יִקְטְלוּ | יִתְּנוּ | יִפְּלוּ | יֵלְדוּ | יֵשְׁבוּ
1cp | נִקְטֹל | נִתֵּן | נִפֹּל | נֵלֵד | נֵשֵׁב
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיִּקְטֹל | וַיִּתֵּן | וַיִּפֹּל | וַיֵּלֶד | וַיֵּ֫שֶׁב

> Contrast between I-נ and I-י:
> - I-נ shows hireq prefix + dagesh forte in R2 (the nun's trace)
> - I-י shows tsere prefix (no dagesh; the yod contracted)
> These are the two most visually distinctive Imperfect weak classes.