# Niphal Weak Verbs — Geminate (Ayin-Doubled, II=III) Paradigms

Full conjugation tables for Geminate (Ayin-Doubled) roots in the Niphal stem.
Representative roots: סָבַב (to go around, surround → Niphal: be surrounded) and תָּמַם (to be complete, finished → Niphal: be finished).
Each section shows the strong root (קטל) alongside the weak paradigm for direct comparison.
Attested forms drawn from MACULA Hebrew WLC.

## Overview of the Class

Geminate (Ayin-Doubled) roots have R2 = R3 (e.g., סָבַב: ס-ב-ב; תָּמַם: ת-מ-מ). When a suffix or vowel follows, the doubled consonant can be written with dagesh forte in R2/R3 (the "heavy" form). When no suffix follows, the doubled consonant often collapses into a single written consonant with a long vowel (the "light" form). Both variants appear in the Niphal.

Key patterns:
- Niphal Perfect 3ms: נָסַב — qamets under נָ (looks like Biconsonantal!). This is the single most important class-marker.
- Niphal Imperfect 3ms: יִסֹּב — dagesh forte in R2/R3 (ב written once, but doubled) + holem
- Distinction from Biconsonantal: Biconsonantal (Hollow) roots have a medial ו/י vowel letter (קוּם, שׁוּב); Geminate roots have three root consonants with R2 = R3. The long vowel in the Geminate perfect comes from compensatory lengthening when R3 quiesces, not from a hollow root.

## Perfect (Qatal)

### The Pattern

The Niphal perfect of Geminate roots shows נָ prefix (qamets) — identical to the Biconsonantal Niphal perfect prefix. The double consonant is written once with a preceding qamets: נָסַב (light form). This is the diagnostic form for the class: the qamets under נ + a doubled R2/R3 that may not be visually obvious.

Person | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב) | Geminate (תמם)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | נִקְטַל | נָסַב | נָתַם
3fs | נִקְטְלָה | נָסַבָּה | נָתַמָּה
3cp | נִקְטְלוּ | נָסַבּוּ | נָתַמּוּ
2ms | נִקְטַלְתָּ | נְסַבּוֹתָ | נְתַמּוֹתָ
2fs | נִקְטַלְתְּ | נְסַבּוֹת | נְתַמּוֹת
2mp | נִקְטַלְתֶּם | נְסַבּוֹתֶם | נְתַמּוֹתֶם
1cs | נִקְטַלְתִּי | נְסַבּוֹתִי | נְתַמּוֹתִי
1cp | נִקְטַלְנוּ | נְסַבּוֹנוּ | נְתַמּוֹנוּ

> Key: The 3ms has נָ (qamets) — not the usual נִ (hiriq) of the strong Niphal perfect. This is shared with the Biconsonantal class; distinguish by whether a hollow vowel letter (ו/י) appears in the root.

Attested passages:
- נָסַב (Josh 15:3, 2 Sam 5:23) — "the border went around" / "circle around behind them" — perfect 3ms from סָבַב; the qamets under נ is the diagnostic marker
- וְנָסַב (Josh 19:14) — "and it turns / goes around" — weqatal 3ms; the נָ prefix is retained
- נָסַבּוּ (Josh 6:3) — "you shall march around" — perfect 3cp (Niphal of circumambulation); dagesh in ב (R2) appears with the suffix

## Imperfect (Yiqtol)

### The Pattern

The Niphal imperfect of Geminate roots shows dagesh forte in the doubled R2/R3 consonant. The vowel under R1 is typically holem (compressed root). The prefix vowel is hiriq, standard for Niphal imperfect.

Person | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב) | Geminate (תמם)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | יִקָּטֵל | יִסֹּב | יִתֹּם
3fs | תִּקָּטֵל | תִּסֹּב | תִּתֹּם
3mp | יִקָּטְלוּ | יִסֹּבּוּ | יִתֹּמּוּ
2ms | תִּקָּטֵל | תִּסֹּב | תִּתֹּם
1cs | אֶקָּטֵל | אֶסֹּב | אֶתֹּם
1cp | נִקָּטֵל | נִסֹּב | נִתֹּם

> Key: The dagesh forte in R2/R3 (e.g., ב/מ) is the primary visual marker. The root consonant appears once but is phonologically doubled. Compare יִסֹּב (Geminate Niphal) vs. יִסֹּב (Qal Geminate) — the context must clarify when forms overlap.

Attested passages:
- יִסֹּב (Josh 19:34) — "the border turns toward the west" — imperfect 3ms from סָבַב; dagesh in ב marks the doubling
- תִּתֹּם (Deu 31:30; Josh 8:24) — "the words were finished" / "when the slaughter was complete" — imperfect 3fs from תָּמַם
- יִתַּמּוּ (Psa 104:35) — "let sinners be finished off" — 3mp; dagesh in מ clearly visible

## Wayyiqtol

### The Pattern

Wayyiqtol of Geminate Niphal: וַיִּסֹּב. The prefix vowel is hiriq (standard wayyiqtol prefix) followed by the contracted doubled root.

Person | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב) | Geminate (תמם)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | וַיִּקָּטֵל | וַיִּסֹּב | וַיִּתֹּם
3fs | וַתִּקָּטֵל | וַתִּסֹּב | וַתִּתֹּם

> Key: וַיִּ prefix + dagesh forte in R2/R3. The doubled consonant is the key marker.

Attested passages:
- וַיִּסֹּב (1 Sam 7:16) — "and he went on circuit year by year" — wayyiqtol 3ms from סָבַב; narrative chain
- וַיִּסֹּב (2 Kgs 3:9) — "they made a circuit of seven days" — wayyiqtol; dagesh in ב

## Weqatal

### The Pattern

Weqatal of Geminate Niphal uses the same base as the perfect: וְנָסַב.

Person | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב)
--- | --- | ---
3ms | וְנִקְטַל | וְנָסַב
3cp | וְנִקְטְלוּ | וְנָסַבּוּ

> Note: The weqatal follows the same prefix pattern as the perfect — נָ (qamets) — so the same Biconsonantal-resemblance applies here.

## Imperative

### The Pattern

Strong Niphal imperative: הִקָּטֵל. Geminate Niphal imperative: הִסֹּב — the doubled R2/R3 contracts, with dagesh forte in the doubled consonant.

Form | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב) | Geminate (תמם)
--- | --- | --- | ---
2ms | הִקָּטֵל | הִסֹּב | הִתֹּם
2mp | הִקָּטְלוּ | הִסֹּבּוּ | הִתֹּמּוּ

> Key: הִ prefix + dagesh forte in R2/R3. The vowel pattern (holem) in the contracted root is distinctive.

Attested passages:
- הִסֹּב (2 Sam 18:30) — "turn aside, stand here" — imperative 2ms from סָבַב (context: military command)
- הִסֹּבּוּ (†) — expected 2mp form; attested mainly in Qal equivalent forms

## Infinitive Construct

### The Pattern

Strong Niphal inf. construct: הִקָּטֵל. Geminate Niphal: הִסֹּב. The inf. construct is identical in form to the 2ms imperative.

Form | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב)
--- | --- | ---
Inf. Construct | הִקָּטֵל | הִסֹּב

> Note: As with other Niphal weak classes, the inf. construct equals the 2ms imperative form. Context (presence of ל/בְּ prefix, etc.) distinguishes the two.

## Infinitive Absolute

### The Pattern

The Niphal infinitive absolute of Geminate roots is rare. The expected form follows the strong Niphal pattern: נִקְטֹל → נִסֹּב †.

Form | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב)
--- | --- | ---
Inf. Absolute | נִקְטֹל | נִסֹּב †

> Note: The inf. absolute of the Niphal Geminate is theoretically expected but rarely attested as a distinct form. Mark unattested theoretical forms with †.

## Participle

### The Pattern

Strong Niphal participle ms: נִקְטָל. Geminate Niphal participle ms: נָסַב (same as perfect 3ms!). Like the Biconsonantal class, the Geminate Niphal perfect 3ms and participle ms are identical in form. Context is the only way to distinguish them.

Form | Strong (קטל) | Geminate (סבב) | Geminate (תמם)
--- | --- | --- | ---
ms | נִקְטָל | נָסַב | נָתַם
fs | נִקְטֶלֶת | נְסַבָּה | נְתַמָּה
mp | נִקְטָלִים | נְסַבִּים | נְתַמִּים
fp | נִקְטָלוֹת | נְסַבּוֹת | נְתַמּוֹת

> Key: The ms participle = perfect 3ms: both נָסַב. This ambiguity parallels the Biconsonantal class (נָכוֹן = perfect or participle). Only syntactic context resolves the form.

Attested passages:
- סָבִיב (Psa 97:2) — "clouds and thick darkness are all around him" — related noun/adverb from סָבַב; the root's circular meaning is ever-present
- תַּמִּים (Gen 6:9) — "Noah was blameless in his generation" — related adjective from תָּמַם; the Niphal participle itself is rare but the root is well-known in paradigm forms

## Summary — Geminate (II=III) Niphal at a Glance

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | Geminate form | Key feature
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect 3ms | נִקְטַל | נָסַב | נָ prefix (qamets) — same as Biconsonantal
Imperfect 3ms | יִקָּטֵל | יִסֹּב | Dagesh forte in R2/R3 + holem
Wayyiqtol 3ms | וַיִּקָּטֵל | וַיִּסֹּב | וַיִּ + dagesh in R2/R3
Imperative 2ms | הִקָּטֵל | הִסֹּב | הִ + dagesh in R2/R3
Inf. Construct | הִקָּטֵל | הִסֹּב | Same form as imperative
Inf. Absolute | נִקְטֹל | נִסֹּב † | Theoretically expected; rare
Participle ms | נִקְטָל | נָסַב | Identical to perfect 3ms

Critical confusable pair: Geminate Niphal perfect/participle נָסַב vs. Biconsonantal Niphal perfect/participle נָכוֹן. The Biconsonantal form always contains a hollow vowel letter (ו or י) inside the root; the Geminate form has an identical consonant for R2 and R3 (the repeated letter).