# Hiphil Weak Verbs — I-נ and I-י Paradigms

Full conjugation tables for Pe-Nun and Pe-Yod roots in the Hiphil stem.
Part 1: I-נ (Pe-Nun) — roots נָגַשׁ (bring near) and נָפַל (cause to fall)
Part 2: I-י (Pe-Yod/Vav) — roots יָרַד (bring down) and יָצָא (bring out)
Each section shows the strong root (קטל) alongside the weak paradigm for direct comparison.
Attested forms drawn from MACULA Hebrew WLC.

# Part 1 — I-נ (Pe-Nun) Hiphil

In the Hiphil, I-נ roots show assimilation of the root נ (R1) into R2 in the conjugations where the Hiphil prefix brings the נ into contact with R2. This occurs in the imperfect, wayyiqtol, imperative, and infinitive construct. In the perfect and participle, the הִ/מַ prefix insulates R1, so no assimilation occurs — the נ is visible.

## Perfect (Qatal) — I-נ

### The Pattern

The perfect prefix הִ precedes R1 directly. With R1 = נ, the נ is NOT assimilated in the perfect: the full root is visible. The characteristic chiriq-yod appears in the penultimate syllable: הִגִּישׁ / הִפִּיל — wait, in the perfect the נ IS assimilated because it stands between the הִ prefix and R2 (the dagesh-prone position). The נ assimilates into R2 with dagesh forte across the full perfect paradigm.

> Clarification: I-נ assimilation occurs throughout the Hiphil, including the perfect. The הִ prefix + נ + R2 cluster causes the נ to assimilate into R2: הִנְגִּישׁ → הִגִּישׁ. The dagesh forte in R2 is therefore the defining marker in every conjugation.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | הִפִּיל
3fs | הִקְטִילָה | הִגִּישָׁה | הִפִּילָה
3cp | הִקְטִילוּ | הִגִּישׁוּ | הִפִּילוּ
2ms | הִקְטַלְתָּ | הִגַּשְׁתָּ | הִפַּלְתָּ
2fs | הִקְטַלְתְּ | הִגַּשְׁתְּ | הִפַּלְתְּ
2mp | הִקְטַלְתֶּם | הִגַּשְׁתֶּם | הִפַּלְתֶּם
2fp | הִקְטַלְתֶּן | הִגַּשְׁתֶּן | הִפַּלְתֶּן
1cs | הִקְטַלְתִּי | הִגַּשְׁתִּי | הִפַּלְתִּי
1cp | הִקְטַלְנוּ | הִגַּשְׁנוּ | הִפַּלְנוּ

> Key: Dagesh forte in R2 throughout the entire Hiphil paradigm — נ has fully assimilated. If you see הִגִּישׁ and wonder why R2 has dagesh, the root is נגשׁ.

Attested passages:
- הִגִּישׁ (Amos 9:13) — "the one who plows shall overtake the reaper"
- הִפִּיל (Gen 2:21) — "the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man"
- הִגַּשְׁתֶּם (Mal 1:7) — "by offering polluted food upon my altar"

## Imperfect (Yiqtol) — I-נ

### The Pattern

The prefix יַ + נ + R2 sequence assimilates the נ into R2. Same as the perfect: dagesh forte in R2. No trace of the root נ in the spelling.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | יַפִּיל
3fs | תַּקְטִיל | תַּגִּישׁ | תַּפִּיל
3mp | יַקְטִילוּ | יַגִּישׁוּ | יַפִּילוּ
3fp | תַּקְטֵלְנָה | תַּגֵּשְׁנָה | תַּפֵּלְנָה
2ms | תַּקְטִיל | תַּגִּישׁ | תַּפִּיל
2mp | תַּקְטִילוּ | תַּגִּישׁוּ | תַּפִּילוּ
1cs | אַקְטִיל | אַגִּישׁ | אַפִּיל
1cp | נַקְטִיל | נַגִּישׁ | נַפִּיל

> Key: Patach prefix (יַ) + dagesh forte in R2 + chiriq-yod — clean three-marker pattern.

Attested passages:
- יַפִּיל (Pro 19:15) — "slothfulness casts into a deep sleep"
- יַגִּישׁ (Mal 1:8) — "when you offer blind animals in sacrifice, is that not evil?"

## Wayyiqtol — I-נ

### The Pattern

Standard Hiphil wayyiqtol pattern with dagesh forte in R2.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | וַיַּפֵּל
3fs | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתַּגֵּשׁ | וַתַּפֵּל
3mp | וַיַּקְטִילוּ | וַיַּגִּישׁוּ | וַיַּפִּילוּ
2ms | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתַּגֵּשׁ | וַתַּפֵּל
1cs | וָאַקְטֵל | וָאַגֵּשׁ | וָאַפֵּל

> Key: וַיַּ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + tsere final — the dagesh is the proof of I-נ.

Attested passages:
- וַיַּגֵּשׁ (Gen 18:23) — "Abraham drew near and said"
- וַיַּפֵּל (Gen 2:21) — "he caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man"

## Weqatal — I-נ

### The Pattern

Weqatal = וְ + perfect. Dagesh forte in R2 throughout.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | ---
3ms | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִפִּיל
2ms | וְהִקְטַלְתָּ | וְהִפַּלְתָּ
1cs | וְהִקְטַלְתִּי | וְהִפַּלְתִּי

## Imperative — I-נ

### The Pattern

הַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + tsere (2ms).

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
2ms | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הַפֵּל
2fs | הַקְטִילִי | הַגִּישִׁי | הַפִּילִי
2mp | הַקְטִילוּ | הַגִּישׁוּ | הַפִּילוּ
2fp | הַקְטֵלְנָה | הַגֵּשְׁנָה | הַפֵּלְנָה

> Key: Dagesh forte in R2 across all imperative forms.

Attested passages:
- הַגֵּשׁ (Gen 27:25) — "bring it to me, that I may eat of my son's game"
- הַפֵּל (2 Sam 20:21) — "throw his head over the wall to us"

## Infinitive Construct — I-נ

### The Pattern

הַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + chiriq-yod final.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Base | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | הַפִּיל
With לְ | לְהַקְטִיל | לְהַגִּישׁ | לְהַפִּיל

> Key: Identical to the perfect 3ms in vocalization (הַגִּישׁ vs. הִגִּישׁ) — distinguished only by the prefix vowel (patach הַ in inf. construct, hiriq הִ in perfect).

Attested passages:
- לְהַגִּישׁ (Mal 1:7) — "by offering polluted food on my altar"
- לְהַפִּיל (Num 33:54) — "to divide the land as an inheritance"

## Infinitive Absolute — I-נ

### The Pattern

הַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + tsere final.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | ---
Standard | הַקְטֵל | הַפֵּל

## Participle — I-נ

### The Pattern

מַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + chiriq-yod.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל)
--- | --- | --- | ---
ms | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מַפִּיל
fs | מַקְטֶלֶת | מַגֶּשֶׁת | מַפֶּלֶת
mp | מַקְטִילִים | מַגִּישִׁים | מַפִּילִים
fp | מַקְטִילוֹת | מַגִּישׁוֹת | מַפִּילוֹת

> Key: מַ + dagesh forte in R2 — always reveals I-נ assimilation.

Attested passages:
- מַגִּישׁ (Mal 1:7) — "you are defiling [the altar] when you say the table of the LORD may be despised"
- מַפִּיל (†) — expected; attested in liturgical/poetic texts

## Summary — I-נ Hiphil at a Glance

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | Key feature
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | Dagesh forte in R2; נ invisible
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | Patach prefix + dagesh in R2
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | Dagesh in R2 + tsere final
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִגִּישׁ | Same as perfect
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | Dagesh in R2 + tsere (2ms)
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | Patach under הַ distinguishes from perfect
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | Same as imperative 2ms
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מַ + dagesh in R2 + chiriq-yod

# Part 2 — I-י (Pe-Yod/Vav) Hiphil

Many Biblical Hebrew roots that appear as I-י in other stems are historically I-ו (Pe-Vav). In the Hiphil, these roots use הוֹ- as the perfect prefix (holem-vav under ה) and יוֹ- as the imperfect prefix. This is the single most reliable diagnostic for this class. A small group of true I-י roots (e.g., יָטַב → הֵיטִיב) use a different pattern, but הוֹ- / יוֹ- covers the majority of I-י/ו roots encountered in BBH Ch27.

## Perfect (Qatal) — I-י

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil perfect prefix is הִ (hiriq). For I-י/ו roots, the prefix vowel is holem-vav: הוֹרִיד, הוֹצִיא. The root's first radical (י or ו) is suppressed — only R2 and R3 appear after the prefix. The characteristic Hiphil chiriq-yod appears in the final syllable.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | הִקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא
3fs | הִקְטִילָה | הוֹרִידָה | הוֹצִיאָה
3cp | הִקְטִילוּ | הוֹרִידוּ | הוֹצִיאוּ
2ms | הִקְטַלְתָּ | הוֹרַדְתָּ | הוֹצֵאתָ
2fs | הִקְטַלְתְּ | הוֹרַדְתְּ | הוֹצֵאת
2mp | הִקְטַלְתֶּם | הוֹרַדְתֶּם | הוֹצֵאתֶם
2fp | הִקְטַלְתֶּן | הוֹרַדְתֶּן | הוֹצֵאתֶן
1cs | הִקְטַלְתִּי | הוֹרַדְתִּי | הוֹצֵאתִי
1cp | הִקְטַלְנוּ | הוֹרַדְנוּ | הוֹצֵאנוּ

> Key: הוֹ prefix (holem-vav) instead of הִ (hiriq) — the most distinctive marker of I-י/ו Hiphil. Once you see הוֹ-, identify the class immediately.

Attested passages:
- הוֹצִיא (Gen 15:7) — "I am the LORD who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans"
- הוֹרִיד (Gen 39:1) — "Joseph had been brought down to Egypt" (Hophal form; Hiphil הוֹרִיד attested at Gen 42:38)
- הוֹצֵאתִי (Exo 20:2) — "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt"
- הוֹרַדְתֶּם (Gen 44:29) — "you would bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol"

## Imperfect (Yiqtol) — I-י

### The Pattern

The imperfect prefix is יוֹ- (holem-vav under the prefix consonant): יוֹרִיד, יוֹצִיא. The R1 of the root is again suppressed. The Hiphil chiriq-yod appears in the final syllable.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | יַקְטִיל | יוֹרִיד | יוֹצִיא
3fs | תַּקְטִיל | תּוֹרִיד | תּוֹצִיא
3mp | יַקְטִילוּ | יוֹרִידוּ | יוֹצִיאוּ
3fp | תַּקְטֵלְנָה | תּוֹרֵדְנָה | תּוֹצֶאנָה
2ms | תַּקְטִיל | תּוֹרִיד | תּוֹצִיא
2fs | תַּקְטִילִי | תּוֹרִידִי | תּוֹצִיאִי
2mp | תַּקְטִילוּ | תּוֹרִידוּ | תּוֹצִיאוּ
1cs | אַקְטִיל | אוֹרִיד | אוֹצִיא
1cp | נַקְטִיל | נוֹרִיד | נוֹצִיא

> Key: יוֹ- / תּוֹ- / אוֹ- / נוֹ- prefix (holem-vav) — immediately identifies I-י/ו Hiphil imperfect.

Attested passages:
- יוֹרִיד (1 Sam 2:6) — "the LORD kills and brings to life; he brings down to Sheol and raises up"
- יוֹצִיא (Exo 6:7) — "I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians"
- אוֹצִיא (†) — expected 1cs form

## Wayyiqtol — I-י

### The Pattern

The wayyiqtol of I-י/ו Hiphil contracts further: וַיּ + holem-vav → וַיּוֹ. The dagesh forte in י results from the contraction of וַ + י. Final tsere is standard Hiphil wayyiqtol.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
3ms | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹצֵא
3fs | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתּוֹרֶד | וַתּוֹצֵא
3mp | וַיַּקְטִילוּ | וַיּוֹרִידוּ | וַיּוֹצִיאוּ
2ms | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתּוֹרֶד | וַתּוֹצֵא
1cs | וָאַקְטֵל | וָאוֹרֶד | וָאוֹצֵא

> Key: וַיּוֹ- prefix (dagesh in י + holem-vav) is unique to I-י/ו Hiphil wayyiqtol.

Attested passages:
- וַיּוֹצֵא (Gen 1:12) — "the earth brought forth vegetation"
- וַיּוֹרֶד (Gen 42:38) — "you would bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol"

## Weqatal — I-י

### The Pattern

Weqatal = וְ + perfect. הוֹ prefix pattern throughout.

Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | ---
3ms | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהוֹצִיא
2ms | וְהִקְטַלְתָּ | וְהוֹצֵאתָ
1cs | וְהִקְטַלְתִּי | וְהוֹצֵאתִי

## Imperative — I-י

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil imperative 2ms is הַקְטֵל. For I-י/ו: הוֹרֵד / הוֹצֵא (holem-vav under ה + tsere final).

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
2ms | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא
2fs | הַקְטִילִי | הוֹרִידִי | הוֹצִיאִי
2mp | הַקְטִילוּ | הוֹרִידוּ | הוֹצִיאוּ
2fp | הַקְטֵלְנָה | הוֹרֵדְנָה | הוֹצֶאנָה

> Key: הוֹ prefix in imperative (not הַ) — strong diagnostic distinguishing I-י/ו from strong Hiphil imperative.

Attested passages:
- הוֹצֵא (Exo 12:31) — "Rise up, go out from among my people"
- הוֹרֵד (Gen 42:37) — "Put him in my hands, and I will bring him back to you"

## Infinitive Construct — I-י

### The Pattern

הוֹרִיד / הוֹצִיא — identical in form to the perfect 3ms. Context distinguishes.

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Base | הַקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא
With לְ | לְהַקְטִיל | לְהוֹרִיד | לְהוֹצִיא
With בְּ | בְּהַקְטִיל | בְּהוֹרִיד | בְּהוֹצִיא

> Key: הוֹ prefix + chiriq-yod — same shape as perfect 3ms; preposition prefix context identifies as inf. construct.

Attested passages:
- לְהוֹצִיא (Exo 3:10) — "I will send you to Pharaoh that you may bring my people out of Egypt"
- לְהוֹרִיד (†) — expected form

## Infinitive Absolute — I-י

### The Pattern

הוֹרֵד / הוֹצֵא (holem-vav + tsere final).

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Standard | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא

## Participle — I-י

### The Pattern

The strong Hiphil participle is מַקְטִיל (מַ prefix). For I-י/ו: מוֹרִיד / מוֹצִיא (מוֹ prefix — holem-vav under מ).

Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | ---
ms | מַקְטִיל | מוֹרִיד | מוֹצִיא
fs | מַקְטֶלֶת | מוֹרֶדֶת | מוֹצִיאָה
mp | מַקְטִילִים | מוֹרִידִים | מוֹצִיאִים
fp | מַקְטִילוֹת | מוֹרִידוֹת | מוֹצִיאוֹת

> Key: מוֹ prefix (not מַ) — holem-vav under מ uniquely identifies I-י/ו Hiphil participle.

Attested passages:
- מוֹצִיא (Deu 8:14) — "the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt"
- מוֹרִיד (1 Sam 2:6) — "he brings down to Sheol and raises up"

## Summary — I-י Hiphil at a Glance

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | Key feature
--- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹ prefix (holem-vav)
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יוֹרִיד | יוֹ prefix (holem-vav)
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹ — dagesh in י + holem-vav
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהוֹרִיד | וְ + הוֹ prefix
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹ prefix (not הַ); tsere final
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | Same form as perfect 3ms
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹ + tsere
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מוֹרִיד | מוֹ prefix (not מַ)

## Overall Comparison — I-נ vs. I-י Hiphil

Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא
Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | יוֹרִיד | יוֹצִיא
Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹצֵא
Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִגִּישׁ | וְהוֹרִיד | וְהוֹצִיא
Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא
Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא
Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא
Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מוֹרִיד | מוֹצִיא

Distinguishing I-נ from I-י:
- I-נ: dagesh forte in R2 (the assimilated נ is hidden inside R2); prefix vowels are otherwise standard Hiphil (hiriq perfect, patach imperfect)
- I-י: holem-vav (וֹ) in the prefix syllable throughout the paradigm — הוֹ, יוֹ, מוֹ