BBA Chapter 17 — Peal Participle¶

Basics of Biblical Aramaic, Van Pelt Chapter 17: Peal Participle

Files¶

Reference Files¶

(No separate reference files for this chapter — full content is in this README.)

Vocabulary Decks¶

File	Use
ch17-vocab-deck.md	Reference list with glosses
ch17-vocab-deck.txt	Anki import (tab-separated)
ch17-vocab-deck-fd.txt	Flashcards Deluxe import

Exercises¶

Exercise	Description
exercises/ch17-peal-participle-drill/	20-item Peal participle identification and translation drill — active/passive, root, G/N, translation

Notebooks¶

Notebook	What it shows
Biblical Aramaic Overview	Participle distribution; active vs. passive participle counts

1. Introduction — The Peal Participle¶

Chapters 13–16 introduced the finite and non-finite verbal forms of the Peal stem that express complete or ongoing action in relation to time: the perfect (ch13), the imperfect (ch14), the imperative (ch15), and the infinitive construct (ch16). Chapter 17 introduces the Peal participle — a verbal adjective that describes a person or thing engaged in an action or affected by it.

What the Participle Is¶

The participle occupies the boundary between verb and adjective. Like a verb, it carries the lexical meaning of the root and can take an object. Like an adjective, it:

Inflects for gender (masculine / feminine) and number (singular / plural)
Can agree with and modify a noun (attributive function)
Can stand as the predicate of a verbless clause (predicative function)
Can stand alone as a noun (substantive function)

The participle does not express tense on its own. Rather, it expresses aspect — ongoing, continuous, or characteristic action — and its temporal reference is determined by context.

Two Participle Types: Active and Passive¶

Biblical Aramaic has two Peal participles:

The active participle — the doer: "the one writing," "a writing man," "he writes (habitually)"
The passive participle — the one acted upon: "the one written," "a written document," "it is written"

Both follow their own distinctive vowel patterns and both inflect for gender and number in the same four-form paradigm.

2. Active Participle — Form and Paradigm¶

2.1 The Qāṭēl Pattern (קָטֵל)¶

The Peal active participle singular masculine absolute follows the pattern קָטֵל:

R1 takes qamets (ā-class vowel)
R2 takes tsere (ē-class vowel)
R3 is in word-final position with no vowel following

This pattern parallels the Hebrew Qal active participle קֹטֵל in shape (first syllable + tsere on middle root letter), but note the difference in the first vowel: Hebrew uses holem (o-class), Aramaic uses qamets (a-class). The tsere on R2 is common to both languages.

2.2 The Four-Form Active Paradigm¶

Using the model root כתב (to write):

Form	Pattern	Example	Gloss
ms absolute	קָטֵל	כָּתֵב	writing (ms) / one who writes
fs absolute	קָטְלָה / קָטְלַת	כָּתְבָה / כָּתְבַת	writing (fs)
mp absolute	קָטְלִין	כָּתְבִין	writing (mp)
fp absolute	קָטְלָן	כָּתְבָן	writing (fp)

Notes on the feminine and plural forms:

The fs has two attested forms: -āh (lengthened, absolute: כָּתְבָה) and -at (short, before suffixes or in some construct contexts: כָּתְבַת). Both are standard.
The mp suffix is -īn (-ִין), the standard Aramaic masculine plural ending.
The fp suffix is -ān (-ָן), the standard Aramaic feminine plural ending.
In the plural forms, the vowel of R1 reduces: the qamets of the ms (כָּ-) becomes a vocal shewa (כָּתְבִין → the a-vowel shortens under the reduced syllable). This reduction is normal before the plural suffixes.

2.3 Abstract Active Participle Paradigm (Strong Verb)¶

Form	Absolute	Determined
ms	קָטֵל	קָטְלָא
fs	קָטְלָה / קָטְלַת	קָטְלְתָּא
mp	קָטְלִין	קָטְלַיָּא
fp	קָטְלָן	קָטְלָנָא

3. Passive Participle — Form and Paradigm¶

3.1 The Qəṭīl Pattern (קְטִיל)¶

The Peal passive participle singular masculine absolute follows the pattern קְטִיל:

R1 takes a vocal shewa (short, reduced vowel — the e-class shewa vowel under R1)
R2 takes hireq (i-class vowel) followed by a yod (mater lectionis)
The resulting pattern on R2 is: hireq + yod = the long vowel ī (often written with yod mater: קְטִיל)

This is the qəṭīl pattern — the characteristic Aramaic passive participle formation. It is a qal/qal pattern that occurs in both Hebrew and Aramaic but functions differently:

Hebrew passive participle: קָטוּל (qāṭūl) — qamets + shureq/waw
Aramaic passive participle: קְטִיל (qəṭīl) — shewa + hireq-yod

The shift from Hebrew's ū-class vowel to Aramaic's ī-class vowel is a regular pattern: what Hebrew expresses with holem/shureq (o/u-class), Aramaic frequently expresses with tsere/hireq (e/i-class).

3.2 The Four-Form Passive Paradigm¶

Using the model root כתב (to write):

Form	Pattern	Example	Gloss
ms absolute	קְטִיל	כְּתִיב	written (ms) / one who is written
fs absolute	קְטִילָה / קְטִילַת	כְּתִיבָה / כְּתִיבַת	written (fs)
mp absolute	קְטִילִין	כְּתִיבִין	written (mp)
fp absolute	קְטִילָן	כְּתִיבָן	written (fp)

3.3 The Determined State¶

Participles — like adjectives — can also appear in the determined state with the -ā suffix:

Form	Absolute	Determined
ms	כְּתִיב	כְּתִיבָא
fs	כְּתִיבָה	כְּתִיבְתָּא
mp	כְּתִיבִין	כְּתִיבַיָּא
fp	כְּתִיבָן	כְּתִיבָנָא

4. Summary Paradigm Tables¶

Active Participle — Model כתב (to write)¶

	Absolute	Determined
ms	כָּתֵב	כָּתְבָא
fs	כָּתְבָה / כָּתְבַת	כָּתְבְתָּא
mp	כָּתְבִין	כָּתְבַיָּא
fp	כָּתְבָן	כָּתְבָנָא

Passive Participle — Model כתב (to write)¶

	Absolute	Determined
ms	כְּתִיב	כְּתִיבָא
fs	כְּתִיבָה / כְּתִיבַת	כְּתִיבְתָּא
mp	כְּתִיבִין	כְּתִיבַיָּא
fp	כְּתִיבָן	כְּתִיבָנָא

Additional Active Participle Examples¶

Root	Gloss	ms Active	mp Active
כתב	to write	כָּתֵב	כָּתְבִין
קטל	to kill	קָטֵל	קָטְלִין
שׁלח	to send	שָׁלֵח	שָׁלְחִין
שׁמע	to hear	שָׁמֵעַ	שָׁמְעִין
עבד	to do/serve	עָבֵד	עָבְדִין
סגד	to bow down	סָגֵד	סָגְדִין

Additional Passive Participle Examples¶

Root	Gloss	ms Passive	mp Passive
כתב	to write	כְּתִיב	כְּתִיבִין
שׁלח	to send	שְׁלִיח	שְׁלִיחִין
אסר	to bind	אֲסִיר	אֲסִירִין
רשׁם	to inscribe	רְשִׁים	רְשִׁימִין
יהב	to give	יְהִיב	יְהִיבִין
שׂים	to place	שִׂים	שִׂימִין

5. Distinguishing Participles from Adjectives¶

5.1 The Qāṭēl and Qəṭīl Patterns Can Be Adjectives Too¶

The same qāṭēl (קָטֵל) and qəṭīl (קְטִיל) patterns appear in both participles and adjectives in Biblical Aramaic. This overlap can create ambiguity. The distinction is:

Feature	Participle	Adjective
Derived from	A verbal root with action meaning	A root with stative/quality meaning
Can take an object	Yes	No
Temporal aspect	Expresses ongoing action	Expresses a quality or state
Context	Usually accompanies a subject doing/affected by an action	Usually describes the quality of a noun

Key diagnostic: If the form can govern an object or is clearly derived from an action verb (כתב, שׁלח, קטל), treat it as a participle. If it describes a quality (great, good, bad), treat it as an adjective.

Examples: - כָּתֵב — from כתב (to write) → participle: "one who writes / writing" - טָב — from טוב (to be good) → adjective: "good" (this is an adjective, not typically analyzed as a participle)

5.2 The Verbal Adjective Use¶

The passive participle especially functions as a verbal adjective — it ascribes to a noun the result of a verbal action:

כְּתִיב = "written" — the result state of the act of writing
שְׁלִיח = "sent" — the result state of being sent
אֲסִיר = "bound / imprisoned" — the result state of being bound

This result-state meaning is very close to the stative use of participles in Hebrew and Greek. The form describes what the noun is as a result of what was done to it.

6. Comparison to the Hebrew Qal Participle¶

You know the Hebrew Qal participle forms well. The key comparison:

Feature	Hebrew Qal	Aramaic Peal	Notes
Active ms	קֹטֵל	קָטֵל	Heb: holem on R1; Aram: qamets on R1
Active fs	קֹטֶלֶת	קָטְלָה / קָטְלַת	Heb: -elet suffix; Aram: -āh or -at
Active mp	קֹטְלִים	קָטְלִין	Heb: -īm; Aram: -īn
Active fp	קֹטְלוֹת	קָטְלָן	Heb: -ōt; Aram: -ān
Passive ms	קָטוּל	קְטִיל	Heb: qamets + shureq (ū); Aram: shewa + hireq-yod (ī)
Passive fs	קְטוּלָה	קְטִילָה	Parallel -āh ending
Passive mp	קְטוּלִים	קְטִילִין	Heb: -īm; Aram: -īn

Key Observations¶

The tsere on R2 is the same in both languages for the active participle. When you see a form with tsere on the second radical (e.g., כָּתֵב, שָׁמֵעַ), you are looking at an active participle pattern — just like Hebrew קֹטֵל.
The first vowel differs. Hebrew uses holem (o-class) on R1 of the active participle. Aramaic uses qamets (a-class). This is consistent with Aramaic's general preference for a-class vowels.
The passive participle uses ī (hireq-yod), not ū (shureq). Hebrew passive participle uses the ū vowel pattern (קָטוּל); Aramaic passive uses the ī vowel pattern (קְטִיל). This vowel shift is one of the most important differences between Hebrew and Aramaic passive participles.
Plural suffixes differ: Hebrew masculine plural is -īm (-ִים); Aramaic is -īn (-ִין). Hebrew feminine plural is -ōt (-וֹת); Aramaic is -ān (-ָן). You already know this from the noun and adjective chapters.

7. Inflection — States and Agreement¶

7.1 Participles Inflect Like Adjectives¶

Participles take the same absolute and determined state endings that nouns and adjectives take. The determined state is formed by adding the definite article suffix -ā (the aleph suffix):

כָּתֵב (abs.) → כָּתְבָא (det.) = "the one writing / the writer"
כְּתִיב (abs.) → כְּתִיבָא (det.) = "the one who is written / the written one"

7.2 Agreement in Attributive Use¶

When a participle modifies a noun (attributive use), it must agree with the noun in gender, number, and state:

מַלְכָּא כָּתְבָא — "the writing king" (ms determined: מַלְכָּא = det., כָּתְבָא = ms det. ptcp)

סִפְרִין כְּתִיבִין — "written books / documents" (mp absolute: סִפְרִין = mp abs., כְּתִיבִין = mp abs. pass. ptcp)

7.3 Construct State¶

The participle can also appear in the construct state, functioning as the head of a construct chain:

כָּתֵב מִלְּתָא — "one who writes words" / "the writer of the word"

Here כָּתֵב is the construct form (which for the active ms participle is the same as the absolute), and מִלְּתָא is the genitive.

8. Syntactic Uses¶

8.1 Attributive Use¶

The participle modifies a noun and agrees with it in gender, number, and state:

רְשִׁים כְּתָבָא — "the inscribed document" (ms det., from רשׁם, "to inscribe")

מַלְאֲכִין שְׁלִיחִין — "sent messengers" (mp abs. pass. ptcp from שׁלח)

8.2 Predicative Use¶

The participle serves as the predicate of a verbless clause. In this use it does not always agree in state with the subject — it can stand in the absolute:

דָנִיֵּאל כָּתֵב — "Daniel is writing" / "Daniel writes"

Here דָנִיֵּאל is the subject and כָּתֵב is the predicate participle. No copula ("is") is expressed — the verbless clause supplies it. The present progressive or habitual present is the natural English equivalent.

8.3 The Periphrastic Construction — הֲוָה + Participle¶

One of the most important syntactic uses of the Aramaic participle is in the periphrastic construction: the participle combined with a form of הֲוָה (to be) to express past progressive or habitual action.

The structure is:

הֲוָה / הֲוָת (imperfect or perfect of הוה) + participle

This construction parallels the English "was -ing" (past progressive) or "used to " (habitual past):

Structure	Example	Gloss
הֲוָה + active ptcp	הֲוָה כָּתֵב	he was writing / he used to write
הֲוַת + active ptcp	הֲוַת סָגְדָה	she was bowing down
הֲווֹ + active ptcp	הֲווֹ כָּתְבִין	they were writing

The form of הֲוָה agrees with the subject in person, gender, and number. The participle also agrees with the subject in gender and number. This double agreement is the hallmark of the periphrastic construction.

Why is this construction important? The Peal perfect and imperfect alone cannot express the past progressive aspect cleanly. The periphrastic construction fills this gap. In Daniel and Ezra, it often describes background action or habitual behavior in narrative context.

8.4 Substantive Use¶

The participle stands alone as a noun, without a modified noun:

כָּתְבָא = "the writer" / "the one who is writing" (ms det. act. ptcp functioning as a noun)

אֲסִירַיָּא = "the prisoners" / "the bound ones" (mp det. pass. ptcp as a noun)

The determined state is especially common in substantive use because definiteness is required to treat the participle as a specific noun.

9. The Passive Participle in Special Uses¶

9.1 The Formulaic כְּתִיב — "It Is Written"¶

One of the most recognizable passive participle forms in all of Biblical Aramaic (and Hebrew) is the formulaic use of the passive participle to cite authoritative documents:

כְּתִיב = "it is written" (ms abs. Peal passive ptcp of כתב)

This formula appears frequently in Daniel and Ezra when citing a written document, royal decree, or legal text. It is equivalent to the Hebrew כָּתוּב ("it is written") that appears throughout the Hebrew Bible in the same formulaic use.

Daniel 6:11:

יְדַע דִּי-רְשִׁים כְּתָבָא — "he knew that the document was signed / inscribed"

Here רְשִׁים (from רשׁם, "to inscribe/sign") is a Peal passive participle functioning predicatively: "the document is inscribed/signed."

9.2 Result State vs. Passive Action¶

The passive participle expresses a result state — it describes the current condition of something as the outcome of a past action:

כְּתִיב — not "is being written" (ongoing passive) but "is written" (the result of a completed writing)
אֲסִיר — not "is being bound" but "is bound" (already in the state of being bound)
שְׁלִיח — not "is being sent" but "is sent" (dispatched, already in the state of having been sent)

This result-state meaning is distinct from the passive imperfect (which would express ongoing passive action). The participle captures the perfect passive sense: the action is complete and the subject is in the resulting state.

10. Weak Verb Participles¶

10.1 I-Aleph Verbs — אָמַר root¶

For the root אמר (to say), the initial aleph (א) is a guttural. In the active participle, the guttural takes a composite shewa (hateph-patach) rather than a simple vocal shewa, and the vowel pattern shifts slightly:

ms active participle of אמר: אָמַר — but note that this form is identical to the Peal perfect 3ms, making context crucial for identification.

More commonly, the active participle of אמר in context relies on definiteness markers or agreement patterns to distinguish it from the perfect.

10.2 I-Ayin Verbs — עבד root¶

For the root עבד (to do/make), the initial ayin (ע) is a guttural. The guttural causes a composite shewa in the active participle:

ms active: עָבֵד (the guttural ע takes qamets, and the form follows the regular qāṭēl pattern)

mp active: עָבְדִין

The qamets under the initial ayin is the same as in strong verbs — the guttural here does not radically alter the pattern, unlike some other conjugations.

10.3 Hollow Verbs (II-Waw/Yod) — קוּם / שִׂים roots¶

Hollow verbs form their active participle with the long vowel of the hollow root appearing between R1 and R3. The most important hollow active participle forms are:

Root קום (to arise/stand):

Form	Aramaic	Notes
ms active	קָאֵם	qamets on R1; aleph + tsere for the hollow middle (the waw appears as aleph-tsere mater)
mp active	קָאְמִין	the hollow middle is compressed before the plural suffix

The form קָאֵם (from קום) is the standard active participle. The aleph in the middle position is a mater lectionis representing the long vowel of the hollow root.

Root שׂים (to place/set):

Form	Aramaic	Notes
ms active	שָׂאֵם	same pattern: qamets + aleph-tsere

10.4 III-He Verbs — חזה and בנה roots¶

For III-he roots (roots whose third radical is originally ה), the active participle shows a characteristic final aleph (or occasionally he):

Root חזה (to see):

Form	Aramaic	Notes
ms active	חָזֵה	qamets on R1, tsere on R2, final he (or aleph) at R3
fs active	חָזְיָה	yod appears before the fs suffix
mp active	חָזַיִן / חָזְיִין	yod + plural suffix

The ms form חָזֵה ends in he (mater), in contrast to the strong verb which ends in a regular consonant. This is the III-he participle signature.

Root בנה (to build):

Form	Aramaic	Notes
ms active	בָּנֵא	qamets on R1, tsere on R2, aleph at R3 (III-he: he written as aleph)
mp active	בָּנַיִן	yod + plural suffix

10.5 I-Nun Verbs¶

The initial nun of I-nun roots does not cause special changes in the participle (unlike the imperfect, where nun assimilates). The active participle simply follows the regular qāṭēl pattern:

Root נפל (to fall):

Form	Aramaic	Notes
ms active	נָפֵל	standard qāṭēl pattern; nun is retained as R1
mp active	נָפְלִין	regular plural

The participle of I-nun roots thus looks exactly like a strong verb participle with nun as the first consonant. No assimilation occurs.

11. Examples from Daniel and Ezra¶

Daniel 6:11 — כְּתִיב (passive participle, "written/inscribed")

יְדַע דִּי-רְשִׁים כְּתָבָא

"He knew that the document was signed / inscribed."

רְשִׁים: Peal passive participle ms absolute from root רשׁם (to inscribe/sign). The form follows the qəṭīl pattern: R1 with vocal shewa (רְ-), R2 with hireq-yod (-שִׁי-), R3 (-ם). Functioning predicatively: "the document [is] inscribed."

Daniel 6:18 — אֲסִיר (passive participle, "bound/imprisoned")

וַאֲסִיר בְּאַרְיָוָתָא

"…and he was bound / thrown in with the lions."

אֲסִיר: Peal passive participle ms absolute from root אסר (to bind/imprison). Pattern: R1 aleph with composite shewa (אֲ-), R2 with hireq-yod (-סִי-), R3 (-ר). The initial aleph is a guttural that takes a hateph-patach composite shewa rather than a simple vocal shewa.

Daniel 2:31 — קָאֵם (active participle, "standing")

צַלְמָא דִּכֵּן רַב וְזִיוֵהּ יַתִּיר קָאֵם לְקָבְלָךְ

"That statue — great and exceedingly bright — was standing before you."

קָאֵם: Peal active participle ms absolute from root קום (to arise/stand). The hollow participle pattern: qamets on R1 (קָ-), aleph-tsere in the middle position (-אֵ-), final mem (-ם). Predicative use: "the statue [was] standing."

Daniel 3:12 — קָאְמִין (active participle, plural, "standing")

אִיתַי גֻּבְרִין יְהוּדָאִין דִּי מַנֵּיתָ יָתְהוֹן עַל עֲבִידַת מְדִינַת בָּבֶל שַׁדְרַךְ מֵישַׁךְ וַעֲבֵד נְגוֹ גֻּבְרַיָּא אִלֵּךְ לָא שָׂמוּ עֲלֶיךָ מַלְכָּא טְעֵם לֵאלָהָךְ לָא פָּלְחִין

"There are certain Jewish men whom you have appointed over the affairs of the province of Babylon: Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. These men pay no attention to you, O king; they do not serve your gods."

The active participle here appears in the verbal complex of the passage — note לָא פָּלְחִין (not serving = mp active ptcp of פלח in predicative use).

Daniel 5:5 — נָפְקִין (active participle, "coming out/appearing")

בַּהּ-שַׁעֲתָה נְפַקָה אֶצְבְּעָן דִּי יַד-אֱנָשׁ וְכָתְבָן לָקֳבֵל נֶבְרַשְׁתָּא

"At that moment the fingers of a human hand appeared and wrote opposite the lampstand."

כָּתְבָן: Peal active participle fp absolute from root כתב (to write). The fp ending -ān (כָּתְבָן) attached to the reduced stem. "The fingers… were writing."

Ezra 5:8 — אֲסִירַיָּא (passive participle, determined, "the prisoners")

מַלְכָּא יְדַע דִּי אֲזַלְנָא לִמְדִינַת יְהוּד לְבֵית אֱלָהָא רַבָּא

The term for "prisoners" in Daniel (see also Dan 6:25) is formed from the passive participle אֲסִיר in the determined state: אֲסִירַיָּא = "the imprisoned ones / the prisoners." This is the substantive use of the passive participle in the determined state.

Daniel 4:14 — שָׁלֵח (active participle, "sent/sending")

בִּגְזֵרַת עִירִין פִּתְגָמָא וּמֵאמַר קַדִּישִׁין שְׁאֵלְתָּא

"The matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the word is by the sentence of the holy ones…"

The term שְׁלִיח (from שׁלח, "to send") appears as a passive participle in Aramaic letters: "sent [as a messenger]" = "envoy." The active participle שָׁלֵח = "one who is sending / the sender."

12. Comparison Summary Table¶

Active Participle: Hebrew vs. Aramaic¶

	Hebrew Qal	Aramaic Peal
ms pattern	קֹטֵל	קָטֵל
ms example	כֹּתֵב	כָּתֵב
fs	כֹּתֶבֶת	כָּתְבָה / כָּתְבַת
mp	כֹּתְבִים	כָּתְבִין
fp	כֹּתְבוֹת	כָּתְבָן
R1 vowel	holem (o)	qamets (a)
R2 vowel	tsere (e)	tsere (e) — same

Passive Participle: Hebrew vs. Aramaic¶

	Hebrew Qal	Aramaic Peal
ms pattern	קָטוּל	קְטִיל
ms example	כָּתוּב	כְּתִיב
fs	כְּתוּבָה	כְּתִיבָה
mp	כְּתוּבִים	כְּתִיבִין
fp	כְּתוּבוֹת	כְּתִיבָן
R2 vowel	shureq (ū)	hireq-yod (ī)

13. Key Points for Hebrew Students — Summary¶

The active participle uses qamets (a-class) on R1, not holem (o-class). Hebrew Qal active participle: כֹּתֵב (holem). Aramaic Peal active participle: כָּתֵב (qamets). The tsere on R2 is identical in both languages — use that as your anchor.
The passive participle uses hireq-yod (ī), not shureq (ū). Hebrew passive: כָּתוּב (u-vowel). Aramaic passive: כְּתִיב (i-vowel). This vowel class shift (ū → ī) is a systematic feature of Aramaic that distinguishes it from Hebrew across many paradigms.
The four-form paradigm is ms / fs / mp / fp. Aramaic inflects the participle for gender and number, just as Hebrew does, but uses -īn (not -īm) for mp and -ān (not -ōt) for fp. The determined state adds -ā (aleph suffix) to the ms and affects the other forms as well.
Participles inflect for state (absolute vs. determined). Unlike Hebrew, which marks definiteness with the definite article prefix ה-, Aramaic marks definiteness with the aleph suffix (-א). Determined participle = specific/definite person or thing.
The periphrastic construction (הֲוָה + participle) expresses past progressive. This is the primary way Biblical Aramaic expresses "was doing" or "used to do." Both הֲוָה and the participle agree with the subject in gender and number.
The passive participle expresses result state. כְּתִיב does not mean "is being written" but "is written" — the completed-action result. The formulaic כְּתִיב ("it is written") is directly parallel to Hebrew כָּתוּב and carries the same legal/authoritative citation force.
Hollow verbs use the קָאֵם pattern (aleph-tsere in the middle). Recognize קָאֵם ("standing") as the active participle of קום. The aleph is a mater for the long internal vowel of the hollow root.
III-he verbs end in he or aleph at R3 in the active participle: חָזֵה ("seeing," from חזה), בָּנֵא ("building," from בנה). The final weak consonant appears as a mater lectionis.
I-nun verbs do not assimilate nun in the participle. Unlike the imperfect (נָפֵל → יִפֵּל), the participle keeps the nun as a regular R1: נָפֵל (ms active) = "falling / the one who falls."
The attributive participle must agree with its noun. Gender, number, and state must all match. Watch for determined-state participles with determined nouns (כָּתְבָא with a def. noun) and absolute participles with indefinite nouns.

14. Practice¶

The exercise for this chapter presents twenty Peal participle forms drawn from Daniel and Ezra. For each form, identify (1) whether it is active or passive, (2) the root, (3) the gender and number, and (4) provide a translation.

Resource	Description
Peal Participle Drill	20-item Peal participle identification drill — active/passive, root, G/N, translation