BBH Chapter 27 — Hiphil Weak Verbs (הִפְעִיל)¶

Apply Hiphil stem markers to weak root classes: I-guttural (virtual doubling, compensatory lengthening), I-י/ו (preformative merges with root-initial yod/waw), III-ה (characteristic endings), hollow (unique vowel contraction), and geminate. Recognize that the הִ- preformative signals Hiphil even when the root is obscured, and distinguish Hiphil from Niphal imperfect in cases with similar preformative patterns.

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Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt Builds on Ch26 (Hiphil Strong Verbs). Weak forms only — semantic functions not repeated.

Scope: This chapter extends the Hiphil paradigm to seven weak-root classes (BBH) plus the Geminate class for reference. Each class modifies the strong pattern in a predictable, phonologically motivated way. Functions (Causative, Declarative, Factitive, Simple Action, Denominative) were covered in Ch26 and are not repeated here.

1. The Eight Weak Classes — Overview¶

Class	Representative roots	What changes	Affected conjugations
I-Guttural (Pe-Guttural)	עָמַד, עָזַר	Guttural rejects dagesh; seghol under הֶ in Perfect; hateph vowel under guttural	Perfect, Imperfect, Wayyiqtol, Imperative, Inf. Construct
III-ח/ע (Lamed-Guttural)	שָׁלַח, שָׁמַע	Patach furtive before final ח/ע; a-class vowels before guttural	Perfect, Imperfect, Participle
III-א (Lamed-Aleph)	מָצָא, קָרָא	Final א quiesces; preceding vowel lengthens	Perfect, Imperfect, Participle
III-ה (Lamed-He)	גָּלָה, עָלָה	Final ה is vowel letter; wayyiqtol apocopates	All conjugations
I-נ (Pe-Nun)	נָצַל, נָגַשׁ	Root נ assimilates into R2 with dagesh forte	Imperfect, Wayyiqtol, Imperative, Inf. Construct
I-י (Pe-Yod)	יָשַׁב, יָרַד	I-ו origin: הוֹ prefix in Perfect; יוֹ/תּוֹ in Imperfect	All conjugations
Biconsonantal (II-י/ו)	קוּם, שִׂים	Two-consonant root; הֵ in Perfect; qamets prefix in Imperfect	All conjugations
Geminate (II=III)	סָבַב, שָׁלַל	R2 = R3; forms nearly identical to Biconsonantal	All conjugations

Key principle: None of these classes requires learning a new stem. Every change follows from a standard phonological rule applied to the strong Hiphil pattern.

2. I-Guttural (Pe-Guttural) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

In the Hiphil Perfect, the strong prefix is הִ (hireq). When R1 is a guttural, the prefix vowel shifts to seghol (הֶ) and the guttural takes hateph seghol (הֶעֱמִיד). In the Imperfect, Wayyiqtol, Imperative, and Inf. Construct, the guttural takes a composite shewa (hateph patach for ע/ח, hateph seghol for א).

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הֶעֱמִיד — seghol under הֶ; hateph seghol under guttural - Imperfect 3ms: יַעֲמִיד — composite shewa under R1; no dagesh in R1 - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּעֲמֵד — composite shewa under R1; tsere final - Imperative 2ms: הַעֲמֵד — patach under הַ; composite shewa under R1 - Participle ms: מַעֲמִיד — patach under מַ; composite shewa under R1

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הֶעֱמִיד	יַעֲמִיד	—	הַעֲמִיד	הַעֲמֵד	מַעֲמִיד
3fs / fs	הֶעֱמִ֫ידָה	תַּעֲמִיד	—	—	—	מַעֲמֶ֫דֶת
2ms	הֶעֱמַ֫דְתָּ	תַּעֲמִיד	הַעֲמֵד	—	—	—
2fs	הֶעֱמַדְתְּ	תַּעֲמִ֫ידִי	הַעֲמִ֫ידִי	—	—	—
1cs	הֶעֱמַ֫דְתִּי	אַעֲמִיד	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הֶעֱמִ֫ידוּ	יַעֲמִ֫ידוּ	—	—	—	מַעֲמִידִים
3fp / fp	—	תַּעֲמֵ֫דְנָה	—	—	—	מַעֲמִידוֹת
2mp	הֶעֱמַדְתֶּם	תַּעֲמִ֫ידוּ	הַעֲמִ֫ידוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הֶעֱמַדְתֶּן	תַּעֲמֵ֫דְנָה	הַעֲמֵ֫דְנָה	—	—	—
1cp	הֶעֱמַ֫דְנוּ	נַעֲמִיד	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיַּעֲמֵד
3fs	וַתַּעֲמֵד
2ms	וַתַּעֲמֵד
2fs	וַתַּעֲמִ֫ידִי
1cs	וָאַעֲמֵד
3mp	וַיַּעֲמִ֫ידוּ
3fp	וַתַּעֲמֵ֫דְנָה
2mp	וַתַּעֲמִ֫ידוּ
2fp	וַתַּעֲמֵ֫דְנָה
1cp	וַנַּעֲמֵד

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהֶעֱמִיד
3fs	וְהֶעֱמִ֫ידָה
2ms	וְהֶעֱמַ֫דְתָּ
2fs	וְהֶעֱמַדְתְּ
1cs	וְהֶעֱמַ֫דְתִּי
3cp	וְהֶעֱמִ֫ידוּ
2mp	וְהֶעֱמַדְתֶּם
2fp	וְהֶעֱמַדְתֶּן
1cp	וְהֶעֱמַ֫דְנוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הֶעֱמִיד (1 Kgs 7:21) — "he set up [the pillars]" — perfect 3ms; seghol + hateph seghol mark the I-Guttural perfectly
וַיַּעֲמֵד (Gen 43:9) — "and he set [him] before" — wayyiqtol 3ms; composite shewa visible under ע
יַעֲמִיד (Exo 9:16) — "I have raised you up [for this]" — imperfect; guttural takes hateph patach
הַעֲמֵד (Num 27:19) — "set him before Eleazar" — imperative 2ms; הַ + composite shewa

3. III-ח/ע (Lamed-Guttural) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

When R3 is ח or ע, the gutturals demand an a-class vowel before them. The main effect in the Hiphil: patach furtive (פַּתַח גְּנוּבָה) appears before final ח/ע in an open, stressed syllable. This is a fleeting glide pronounced before the guttural. The 3fp/2fp Imperfect and 2ms/2fp Imperative take patach rather than tsere before the guttural.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הִשְׁלִיחַ — patach furtive written below, before ח - Imperfect 3ms: יַשְׁלִיחַ — same patach furtive - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּשְׁלַח — patach (not tsere) before final ח - Participle ms: מַשְׁלִיחַ — patach furtive always present before word-final ח/ע

Note: Patach furtive does NOT appear when ח/ע is followed by a suffix (הִשְׁמַעְתִּי — guttural is in a closed syllable).

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הִשְׁלִיחַ	יַשְׁלִיחַ	—	הַשְׁלִיחַ	הַשְׁלֵחַ	מַשְׁלִיחַ
3fs / fs	הִשְׁלִ֫יחָה	תַּשְׁלִיחַ	—	—	—	מַשְׁלַ֫חַת
2ms	הִשְׁלַ֫חְתָּ	תַּשְׁלִיחַ	הַשְׁלַח	—	—	—
2fs	הִשְׁלַ֫חַתְּ	תַּשְׁלִ֫יחִי	הַשְׁלִ֫יחִי	—	—	—
1cs	הִשְׁלַ֫חְתִּי	אַשְׁלִיחַ	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הִשְׁלִ֫יחוּ	יַשְׁלִ֫יחוּ	—	—	—	מַשְׁלִיחִים
3fp / fp	—	תַּשְׁלַ֫חְנָה	—	—	—	מַשְׁלִיחוֹת
2mp	הִשְׁלַחְתֶּם	תַּשְׁלִ֫יחוּ	הַשְׁלִ֫יחוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הִשְׁלַחְתֶּן	תַּשְׁלַ֫חְנָה	הַשְׁלַ֫חְנָה	—	—	—
1cp	הִשְׁלַ֫חְנוּ	נַשְׁלִיחַ	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיַּשְׁלַח
3fs	וַתַּשְׁלַח
2ms	וַתַּשְׁלַח
2fs	וַתַּשְׁלִ֫יחִי
1cs	וָאַשְׁלַח
3mp	וַיַּשְׁלִ֫יחוּ
3fp	וַתַּשְׁלַ֫חְנָה
2mp	וַתַּשְׁלִ֫יחוּ
2fp	וַתַּשְׁלַ֫חְנָה
1cp	וַנַּשְׁלַח

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהִשְׁלִיחַ
3fs	וְהִשְׁלִ֫יחָה
2ms	וְהִשְׁלַ֫חְתָּ
2fs	וְהִשְׁלַ֫חַתְּ
1cs	וְהִשְׁלַ֫חְתִּי
3cp	וְהִשְׁלִ֫יחוּ
2mp	וְהִשְׁלַחְתֶּם
2fp	וְהִשְׁלַחְתֶּן
1cp	וְהִשְׁלַ֫חְנוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הִשְׁמִיעַ (Isa 48:6) — "I have made [you] hear" — perfect 3ms; patach furtive before final ע
וַיַּשְׁמַע (1 Sam 15:14) — "and he made heard" — wayyiqtol; patach before final ע
מַשְׁמִיעַ (Isa 41:26) — "one who makes hear" — participle ms; patach furtive clearly visible
הַשְׁמַע (Deut 4:10) — "make them hear" — imperative 2ms; patach before word-final ע

4. III-א (Lamed-Aleph) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

The final א of the root quiesces (becomes silent) in word-final position. The vowel that would stand before it lengthens compensatorily. The Hiphil prefix הִ and characteristic hireq yod are otherwise intact.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הִמְצִיא — hireq yod + silent א - Imperfect 3ms: יַמְצִיא — Hiphil hireq before silent א - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּמְצֵא — tsere before silent final א - Participle ms: מַמְצִיא — מַ prefix + hireq + silent final א

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הִמְצִיא	יַמְצִיא	—	הַמְצִיא	הַמְצֵא	מַמְצִיא
3fs / fs	הִמְצִ֫יאָה	תַּמְצִיא	—	—	—	מַמְצֵאת
2ms	הִמְצֵ֫אתָ	תַּמְצִיא	הַמְצֵא	—	—	—
2fs	הִמְצֵאת	תַּמְצִ֫יאִי	הַמְצִ֫יאִי	—	—	—
1cs	הִמְצֵ֫אתִי	אַמְצִיא	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הִמְצִ֫יאוּ	יַמְצִ֫יאוּ	—	—	—	מַמְצִיאִים
3fp / fp	—	תַּמְצֶ֫אנָה	—	—	—	מַמְצִיאוֹת
2mp	הִמְצֵאתֶם	תַּמְצִ֫יאוּ	הַמְצֵ֫יאוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הִמְצֵאתֶן	תַּמְצֶ֫אנָה	הַמְצֶ֫אנָה	—	—	—
1cp	הִמְצֵ֫אנוּ	נַמְצִיא	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיַּמְצֵא
3fs	וַתַּמְצֵא
2ms	וַתַּמְצֵא
2fs	וַתַּמְצִ֫יאִי
1cs	וָאַמְצֵא
3mp	וַיַּמְצִ֫יאוּ
3fp	וַתַּמְצֶ֫אנָה
2mp	וַתַּמְצִ֫יאוּ
2fp	וַתַּמְצֶ֫אנָה
1cp	וַנַּמְצֵא

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהִמְצִיא
3fs	וְהִמְצִ֫יאָה
2ms	וְהִמְצֵ֫אתָ
2fs	וְהִמְצֵאת
1cs	וְהִמְצֵ֫אתִי
3cp	וְהִמְצִ֫יאוּ
2mp	וְהִמְצֵאתֶם
2fp	וְהִמְצֵאתֶן
1cp	וְהִמְצֵ֫אנוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הִמְצִיא (Neh 9:15) — "you gave them bread" (lit. caused to find) — perfect 3ms; hireq yod + silent א
וַיַּקְרֵא (Gen 1:5) — "and he called" — wayyiqtol 3ms from קָרָא; tsere before silent א
יַקְרִיא (Neh 8:8) — "and they read" — imperfect; hireq before silent א
מַקְרִיא (Neh 8:3) — "one who reads aloud" — participle ms; מַ prefix

5. III-ה (Lamed-He) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

The final ה of these roots is a vowel letter (mater lectionis), not a true consonant. In the Hiphil, III-ה roots show contracted endings throughout. The wayyiqtol apocopates in forms without a vocalic sufformative (3ms, 3fs, 2ms, 1cs, 1cp): ה is dropped and the short vowel seghol remains under R3.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הִגְלָה — qamets + ה mater - Imperfect 3ms: יַגְלֶה — final seghol + ה - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּגֶל — apocopated; ה dropped; seghol under R3 - Imperative 2ms: הַגְלֵה — tsere + ה - Participle ms: מַגְלֶה — seghol + ה

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הִגְלָה	יַגְלֶה	—	הַגְלוֹת	הַגְלֵה	מַגְלֶה
3fs / fs	הִגְלְתָה	תַּגְלֶה	—	—	—	מַגְלָה
2ms	הִגְלִ֫יתָ	תַּגְלֶה	הַגְלֵה	—	—	—
2fs	הִגְלִית	תַּגְלִי	הַגְלִי	—	—	—
1cs	הִגְלִ֫יתִי	אַגְלֶה	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הִגְלוּ	יַגְלוּ	—	—	—	מַגְלִים
3fp / fp	—	תַּגְלֶ֫ינָה	—	—	—	מַגְלוֹת
2mp	הִגְלִיתֶם	תַּגְלוּ	הַגְלוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הִגְלִיתֶן	תַּגְלֶ֫ינָה	הַגְלֶ֫ינָה	—	—	—
1cp	הִגְלִ֫ינוּ	נַגְלֶה	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

Forms without a vocalic sufformative apocopate (ה dropped, seghol under R3). Forms with וּ or ינה suffix do not apocopate.

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיַּגֶל
3fs	וַתַּגֶל
2ms	וַתַּגֶל
2fs	וַתַּגְלִי
1cs	וָאַגֶל
3mp	וַיַּגְלוּ
3fp	וַתַּגְלֶ֫ינָה
2mp	וַתַּגְלוּ
2fp	וַתַּגְלֶ֫ינָה
1cp	וַנַּגֶל

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהִגְלָה
3fs	וְהִגְלְתָה
2ms	וְהִגְלִ֫יתָ
2fs	וְהִגְלִית
1cs	וְהִגְלִ֫יתִי
3cp	וְהִגְלוּ
2mp	וְהִגְלִיתֶם
2fp	וְהִגְלִיתֶן
1cp	וְהִגְלִ֫ינוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הֶעֱלָה (Gen 8:20) — "he offered up [burnt offerings]" — perfect 3ms from עָלָה (I-Guttural + III-ה); seghol + hateph seghol
וַיַּעַל (Gen 22:2) — "and he went up / offered up" — wayyiqtol apocopated from עָלָה; ה dropped; patach under ל (guttural)
הַרְאֵה (Exo 33:18) — "show me your glory" — imperative 2ms from רָאָה; tsere + ה
מַרְאֶה (Gen 2:9) — "pleasing to the sight" — participle ms from רָאָה; seghol + ה

6. I-נ (Pe-Nun) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

When R1 = נ, the root נ assimilates into R2, producing dagesh forte in R2. This happens in the Imperfect, Wayyiqtol, Imperative, and Infinitive Construct. In the Perfect and Participle, the הִ/מַ prefix stabilizes the root נ so assimilation does NOT occur.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הִצִּיל — hireq + dagesh in R2 (צ); נ has assimilated - Imperfect 3ms: יַצִּיל — patach + dagesh in R2 - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיַּצֵּל — dagesh in R2 + tsere - Imperative 2ms: הַצֵּל — הַ + dagesh in R2 + tsere - Participle ms: מַצִּיל — מַ prefix; dagesh in R2 + hireq

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הִצִּיל	יַצִּיל	—	הַצִּיל	הַצֵּל	מַצִּיל
3fs / fs	הִצִּ֫ילָה	תַּצִּיל	—	—	—	מַצֶּ֫לֶת
2ms	הִצַּ֫לְתָּ	תַּצִּיל	הַצֵּל	—	—	—
2fs	הִצַּלְתְּ	תַּצִּ֫ילִי	הַצִּ֫ילִי	—	—	—
1cs	הִצַּ֫לְתִּי	אַצִּיל	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הִצִּ֫ילוּ	יַצִּ֫ילוּ	—	—	—	מַצִּילִים
3fp / fp	—	תַּצֵּ֫לְנָה	—	—	—	מַצִּילוֹת
2mp	הִצַּלְתֶּם	תַּצִּ֫ילוּ	הַצִּ֫ילוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הִצַּלְתֶּן	תַּצֵּ֫לְנָה	הַצֵּ֫לְנָה	—	—	—
1cp	הִצַּ֫לְנוּ	נַצִּיל	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיַּצֵּל
3fs	וַתַּצֵּל
2ms	וַתַּצֵּל
2fs	וַתַּצִּ֫ילִי
1cs	וָאַצֵּל
3mp	וַיַּצִּ֫ילוּ
3fp	וַתַּצֵּ֫לְנָה
2mp	וַתַּצִּ֫ילוּ
2fp	וַתַּצֵּ֫לְנָה
1cp	וַנַּצֵּל

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהִצִּיל
3fs	וְהִצִּ֫ילָה
2ms	וְהִצַּ֫לְתָּ
2fs	וְהִצַּלְתְּ
1cs	וְהִצַּ֫לְתִּי
3cp	וְהִצִּ֫ילוּ
2mp	וְהִצַּלְתֶּם
2fp	וְהִצַּלְתֶּן
1cp	וְהִצַּ֫לְנוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הִפִּיל (Gen 2:21) — "he caused to fall / cast" — perfect 3ms from נָפַל; dagesh in פ
וַיַּפֵּל (Gen 2:21) — "and he cast [a deep sleep]" — wayyiqtol; dagesh in פ + tsere
יַפִּיל (Pro 19:15) — "sleep brings on deep sleep" — imperfect 3ms
הַגֵּשׁ (Gen 27:25) — "bring [me game]" — imperative 2ms from נָגַשׁ; הַ + dagesh in ג

7. I-י (Pe-Yod) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

Most I-י roots in Biblical Hebrew derive historically from I-ו (Pe-Vav). In the Hiphil, the original ו reappears as holem waw (וֹ) following the prefix or preformative, producing הוֹ in the Perfect and יוֹ/תּוֹ in the Imperfect. Apart from the holem waw, all other Hiphil strong verb diagnostics are preserved.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הוֹשִׁיב — הוֹ prefix (holem waw) + hireq in second syllable - Imperfect 3ms: יוֹשִׁיב — holem waw under prefix consonant + hireq - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיּוֹשֶׁב — dagesh in י (contraction of וַיּ) + holem waw + seghol - Imperative 2ms: הוֹשֵׁב — הוֹ prefix + tsere - Participle ms: מוֹשִׁיב — מוֹ prefix (holem waw) + hireq

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הוֹשִׁיב	יוֹשִׁיב	—	הוֹשִׁיב	הוֹשֵׁב	מוֹשִׁיב
3fs / fs	הוֹשִׁ֫יבָה	תּוֹשִׁיב	—	—	—	מוֹשֶׁ֫בֶת
2ms	הוֹשַׁ֫בְתָּ	תּוֹשִׁיב	הוֹשֵׁב	—	—	—
2fs	הוֹשַׁבְתְּ	תּוֹשִׁ֫יבִי	הוֹשִׁ֫יבִי	—	—	—
1cs	הוֹשַׁ֫בְתִּי	אוֹשִׁיב	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ	יוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ	—	—	—	מוֹשִׁיבִים
3fp / fp	—	תּוֹשֵׁ֫בְנָה	—	—	—	מוֹשִׁיבוֹת
2mp	הוֹשַׁבְתֶּם	תּוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ	הוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הוֹשַׁבְתֶּן	תּוֹשֵׁ֫בְנָה	הוֹשֵׁ֫בְנָה	—	—	—
1cp	הוֹשַׁ֫בְנוּ	נוֹשִׁיב	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיּוֹשֶׁב
3fs	וַתּוֹשֶׁב
2ms	וַתּוֹשֶׁב
2fs	וַתּוֹשִׁ֫יבִי
1cs	וָאוֹשֵׁב
3mp	וַיּוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ
3fp	וַתּוֹשֵׁ֫בְנָה
2mp	וַתּוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ
2fp	וַתּוֹשֵׁ֫בְנָה
1cp	וַנּוֹשֵׁב

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהוֹשִׁיב
3fs	וְהוֹשִׁ֫יבָה
2ms	וְהוֹשַׁ֫בְתָּ
2fs	וְהוֹשַׁבְתְּ
1cs	וְהוֹשַׁ֫בְתִּי
3cp	וְהוֹשִׁ֫יבוּ
2mp	וְהוֹשַׁבְתֶּם
2fp	וְהוֹשַׁבְתֶּן
1cp	וְהוֹשַׁ֫בְנוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הוֹצִיא (Gen 15:7) — "I brought you out" — perfect 1cs (הוֹצֵאתִי) from יָצָא; הוֹ prefix unmistakable
וַיּוֹצֵא (Gen 1:12) — "and [the earth] brought forth" — wayyiqtol; holem waw under יּ
יוֹרִיד (1 Sam 2:6) — "he brings down to Sheol" — imperfect 3ms from יָרַד; יוֹ pattern
הוֹרִד (Gen 39:1) — "Joseph was brought down" — perfect 3ms Hophal (for contrast); note הוֹ without hireq

8. Biconsonantal (II-י/ו) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

Biconsonantal roots have only two true consonants (R1 and R3), with a medial long vowel (historically R2 = י or ו). In the Hiphil, the Perfect prefix is הֵ (tsere) in third-person forms and הֲ (hateph patach) in second/first-person forms, which add a holem waw connecting vowel before sufformatives. In the Imperfect, Imperative, and Inf. Construct, the prefix takes qamets rather than patach.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הֵקִים — הֵ prefix (tsere); hireq yod medial - Imperfect 3ms: יָקִים — qamets under prefix (not the usual patach); hireq yod - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיָּקֶם — qamets; short seghol final - Imperative 2ms: הָקֵם — הָ prefix (qamets); tsere final - Participle ms: מֵקִים — מֵ prefix (tsere); hireq yod

Full Paradigm¶

	Perfect	Imperfect	Imperative	Inf Cstr	Inf Abs	Participle
3ms / ms	הֵקִים	יָקִים	—	הָקִים	הָקֵם	מֵקִים
3fs / fs	הֵקִ֫ימָה	תָּקִים	—	—	—	מְקִימָה
2ms	הֲקִימ֫וֹתָ	תָּקִים	הָקֵם	—	—	—
2fs	הֲקִימוֹת	תָּקִ֫ימִי	הָקִ֫ימִי	—	—	—
1cs	הֲקִימ֫וֹתִי	אָקִים	—	—	—	—
3cp / mp	הֵקִ֫ימוּ	יָקִ֫ימוּ	—	—	—	מְקִימִים
3fp / fp	—	תְּקִימֶ֫ינָה	—	—	—	מְקִימוֹת
2mp	הֲקִימוֹתֶם	תָּקִ֫ימוּ	הָקִ֫ימוּ	—	—	—
2fp	הֲקִימוֹתֶן	תְּקִימֶ֫ינָה	הָקֵ֫מְנָה	—	—	—
1cp	הֲקִימ֫וֹנוּ	נָקִים	—	—	—	—

Wayyiqtol¶

PGN	Wayyiqtol
3ms	וַיָּקֶם
3fs	וַתָּקֶם
2ms	וַתָּקֶם
2fs	וַתָּקִ֫ימִי
1cs	וָאָקֶם
3mp	וַיָּקִ֫ימוּ
3fp	וַתְּקִימֶ֫ינָה
2mp	וַתָּקִ֫ימוּ
2fp	וַתְּקִימֶ֫ינָה
1cp	וַנָּקֶם

Weqatal¶

PGN	Weqatal
3ms	וְהֵקִים
3fs	וְהֵקִ֫ימָה
2ms	וְהֲקִימ֫וֹתָ
2fs	וְהֲקִימוֹת
1cs	וְהֲקִימ֫וֹתִי
3cp	וְהֵקִ֫ימוּ
2mp	וְהֲקִימוֹתֶם
2fp	וְהֲקִימוֹתֶן
1cp	וְהֲקִימ֫וֹנוּ

Key Corpus Examples¶

הֵקִים (Gen 6:18) — "I will establish my covenant" — 3ms; הֵ prefix + hireq yod
וַיָּקֶם (Gen 23:20) — "it was deeded" — wayyiqtol; qamets + seghol
יָקִים (Deu 18:15) — "he will raise up" — imperfect 3ms; qamets prefix vowel
מֵקִים (1 Sam 2:8) — "he raises up the poor" — participle ms; מֵ prefix with tsere

9. Geminate (Ayin-Doubled, II=III) Verbs¶

Pattern¶

Geminate roots (R2 = R3) in the Hiphil produce forms that are nearly identical to the Biconsonantal Hiphil. The הֵ prefix in the Perfect, qamets under the Imperfect prefix, and מֵ prefix in the Participle are all shared. The only reliable distinguisher is knowing the root: Biconsonantal roots have a hollow vowel letter (ו/י) as medial consonant, while Geminate roots have an identical repeated R2/R3 consonant.

Diagnostic markers: - Perfect 3ms: הֵסֵב — tsere under הֵ; same as Biconsonantal הֵקִים. Root examination required. - Imperfect 3ms: יָסֵב — qamets under prefix consonant; same as Biconsonantal יָקִים - Wayyiqtol 3ms: וַיָּסֶב — qamets + contracted root + seghol - Imperative 2ms: הָסֵב — qamets under הָ - Participle ms: מֵסֵב — tsere under מֵ

Paradigm Summary (3ms per conjugation)¶

Conjugation	Geminate (סבב)	Biconsonantal (קום) — for comparison
Perfect	הֵסֵב	הֵקִים
Imperfect	יָסֵב	יָקִים
Wayyiqtol	וַיָּסֶב	וַיָּקֶם
Weqatal	וְהֵסֵב	וְהֵקִים
Imperative	הָסֵב	הָקֵם
Inf. Construct	הָסֵב	הָקִים
Inf. Absolute	הָסֵב	הָקֵם
Participle	מֵסֵב	מֵקִים

Key Corpus Examples¶

הֵסֵב (1 Kgs 21:4) — "he turned his face toward the wall" — perfect 3ms from סָבַב; הֵ prefix
וַיָּסֶב (Josh 6:14) — "they marched around the city" — wayyiqtol 3ms; qamets + seghol
הָסֵב (2 Sam 2:22) — "turn aside from following me" — imperative 2ms; qamets under הָ
יָסֵב (Isa 44:20) — "a deluded heart has led him astray" — imperfect 3ms; qamets prefix

10. High-Frequency Weak Hiphil Lemmas¶

The following roots are among the most common weak-class Hiphil lemmas in the OT. Frequency counts represent Hiphil tokens only.

Root	Class	OT Hi tokens	Gloss (Hiphil)
אָמַר	I-Guttural	1,000+	cause to say; cite (rare); mostly Qal
עָלָה	I-Gutt. + III-ה	650+	bring up, offer, cause to ascend
יָצָא	I-י	550+	bring out, cause to go out, lead out
הוֹלִיךְ / יָלַךְ	I-י	450+	lead, cause to walk, bring
עָמַד	I-Guttural	400+	set up, present, station, cause to stand
שָׁמַע	III-ח/ע	370+	cause to hear, proclaim, announce
רָאָה	III-ה	350+	show, cause to see, display
שָׁלַח	III-ח/ע	340+	send out, release, let go
נָפַל	I-נ	280+	throw down, cast, cause to fall
קוּם	Biconsonantal	270+	establish, set up, raise up
יָרַד	I-י	250+	bring down, lead down
מָצָא	III-א	220+	cause to find; bring to; supply
נָגַשׁ	I-נ	190+	bring near, present, offer
שִׂים / קָרָא	Biconsonantal / III-א	180+	place, set / call out, read aloud
עָזַר	I-Guttural	80+	come to the aid of (Hiphil = Qal-equivalent)
סָבַב	Geminate	60+	cause to go around, surround, bring around
שָׁלַל	Geminate	30+	cause to plunder, despoil

Sources: MACULA Hebrew WLC (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0) · BBH = Pratico & Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew, 3rd ed.